3种蛋白源替代鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼血液指标的影响

以全鱼粉饲料为对照(D1组),用豆粕替代10%、20%的鱼粉(D2、D3组),玉米蛋白粉替代10%的鱼粉(D4组),啤酒酵母替代10%的鱼粉(D5组),配制5组等氮等能饲料,研究不同蛋白源替代饲料中的鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)幼鱼血液生理生化指标的影响.结果发现:投喂56 d后,D5组终末体质量显著小于D1组和D2组(p<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(p>0.05);D1组和D2组实验鱼体质量与D5组差异显著(p<0.05).D3组血红蛋白浓度、血栓细胞密度和平均血栓细胞体积显著低于D1组(p<0.05), D4组实验鱼嗜中性粒细胞密度和巨大不成熟细胞比例显著高于D1组(p<0.05).D3组实验鱼总蛋白含量显著低于D1、D4组(p<0.05),D3组球蛋白含量显著低于D1组(p<0.05),D3组白球蛋白比显著高于其他各组(p<0.05);D3组的血糖含量显著低于D1组(p<0.05),D2、D3、D5组的甘油三酯含量显著低于D1、D4组(p<0.05);D5组肌酐含量显著低于D1组(p<0.05).以上结果表明,酵母蛋白替代饲料中10%的鱼粉对实验鱼的生长和生理状态均产生不良影响,不适于作为褐点石斑鱼幼鱼饲料的鱼粉替代物;玉米蛋白粉和豆粕蛋白可以作为褐点石斑鱼幼鱼饲料中鱼粉的替代物,但替代比例玉米蛋白粉不宜超过10%,而豆粕蛋白的替代比例应小于20%.     

急性温度应激对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA 表达的影响

采用温度应激的方法,将尼罗罗非鱼在26℃下驯养3周后,直接放入16℃、21℃、26℃(对照)、31℃和35℃水环境中,在不同温度应激后(0—24h)对鱼体血液和肝脏生化指标及其肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量变化进行了研究。结果表明,各实验组(除对照组外)血清皮质醇水平显著上升(P<0.05)。16℃组血清葡萄糖水平在24h时显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。血清总蛋白水平与谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶活力和肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量在0—24h内基本呈先上升后下降的变化。24h后,16℃组血清甘油三酯含量显著上升,而胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。16℃和35℃组肝脏丙二醛含量随着应激时间的延长而上升,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力均呈先上升后下降的变化。温度应激可显著改变罗非鱼的非特异性免疫力、抗氧化能力以及肝脏HSP70mRNA的表达水平。在实际养殖生产中,应密切关注温度的变化,降低温度胁迫对鱼体免疫机能的影响。     

北京1960—2008年气候变暖及极端气温指数变化特征

应用均一化逐日气象观测资料,分析了北京地区1960—2008年气候变暖及主要极端气温指数的统计特征。结果表明：近49年来北京年平均气温增温速率约为0.39℃/10a,最高、最低气温变化具有明显的非对称性。霜冻日数和气温年较差呈现下降趋势,暖夜指数及热浪指数呈现上升趋势,除气温年较差外,其他极端气温指数的气候变率均在加大。北京年平均气温及极端气温指数主要存在21年、15～17年及准10年周期特征。年平均气温与极端气温指数之间存在较强相关性,气候变暖突变发生前后某些极端气温指数发生频率表现出明显差异。自1980年起,北京市区极端最高气温及其增温率明显高于近郊和远郊,高温日数市区多于近郊,近郊多于远郊;近、远郊极端最低气温温差高于城、近郊温差。     

极光沉降粒子能量与AE、Dst指数的相关分析

对NOAA的POES系列极轨卫星观测得到的1978年以来近30年的极光沉降粒子半球能量的估算值EPI(Estimated Power Input)数据进行了分析,结果表明,极光沉降粒子有显著的春秋分峰值的年变化特征,并且有冬季半球沉降能量较大的南北半球不对称性.对EPI的时均值Pa与地磁指数AE、D_st的相关分析得到,Pa与AE的相关系数为0.76,Pa与D_st的相关系数为-0.55.把南北半球的时均值SPa,NPa数据分别与AE,D_st指数做相关,发现SPa与AE的相关性稍高于NPa的,SPa和NPa与D_st的相关性近似.当时延τ=0时,AE与Pa的相关最好,表明全球极光沉降粒子和极光电集流的变化同步;当D_st滞后于Pa,时延τ=1~2 h,Pa与D_st的相关最好,并且时延τ为6～8 h,Pa与D_st的相关都好于无时延的水平.     

Identifying key environmental variables structuring benthic fauna for establishing a biotic typology for Greek running waters

A central aspect of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC addressed to Member Countries is to proceed to type-specific ecological assessment and classification by establishing typology systems. Sixty-four permanent stream sites distributed throughout mainland Greece and islands were assessed with macroinvertebrate indicators to evaluate their ecological quality. Local and catchment scale parameters were determined and recorded to obtain an integrated assessment of the main factors affecting stream integrity and macroinvertebrate communities. Twenty-three sites were classified as reference or good status in terms of biological, chemical and hydromorphological quality with the use of various metrics. Multivariate statistical techniques were performed (MDS, BIOENV, correlation analysis and PCA) to investigate the main environmental factors structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities and to select candidate environmental variables for establishing a biotic typology for Hellenic rivers. The results revealed relatively distinct macroinvertebrate communities within defined abiotic zones of the country. Assemblages of macroinvertebrate fauna were most strongly associated to differences in geographical position, altitude, slope, catchment area, current velocity, conductivity and water temperature. In view of the lack of sufficient data at the country level on the three last variables and after considering cause-effect relationships between large scale variables and the latter, it has been demonstrated that a number of catchment scale variables could be used as robust surrogates.     

Fuzzy robust process capability indices for risk assessment of air pollution

Air pollution is one of the most important threats for the humanity. It can damage not only human health but also Earth’s ecosystem. Because of the harmful effects of air pollution, it should be controlled very carefully. To do the risk assessment of air pollution in Istanbul, the process capability indices (PCIs) which are very effective statistics to summarize the performance of process are used in this paper. Fuzzy PCIs are used to determine the levels of the air pollutants which are measured in different nine stations in Istanbul. Robust PCIs (RPCIs) are used when air pollutants have correlation. Fuzzy set theory has been applied for both PCIs and RPCIs to have more sensitive results. More flexible PCIs obtained by using fuzzy specification limits and fuzzy standard deviation are used to evaluate the air pollution’s level of Istanbul. Additionally some evaluation criteria have been constructed for fuzzy PCIs to interpret the air pollution.     

喀斯特石漠结皮层藓类物种多样性及在石漠化治理中的作用研究

根据对烂泥沟金矿区附近喀斯特石漠区域生物结皮的物种调查,藓类植物共7科9属13种,丛藓科(Pottiaceae)和牛舌藓科(Anomodontaceae)是该区的优势科.13种结皮藓类植物的生物量、成土量、饱和吸水率和饱和吸水量的测定结果显示,平均生物量为161～6 690kg/hm2;平均成土量为438～18 350 kg/hm2;平均饱和吸水率在780.43～1705.56%,最高的达到2 228.57%,最低的也有512.99%;平均饱和吸水量在1 256.5～18434.1kg/hm2,最高的达到68 140.3 kg/hm2.该结果说明,在喀斯特石漠这种缺少土壤、极度干旱且保水能力弱的环境区域,生物结皮层藓类植物以其特有的生态功能在石漠化治理、退化生态系统的恢复中具有十分重要的作用.      

西双版纳热带林森林景观稳定性研究

以西双版纳勐腊国营林场热带林为研究对象,以2006年森林资源二类调查数据为信息源,在ArcGIS支持下,把勐腊国营林场整个森林景观划分为8种景观类型,并选取10个景观格局指数作为稳定性评价指标体系,在Fragstats计算各景观类型的指数值基础上,建立了景观稳定性评价指标标准化矩阵;运用主成分分析法,在SPSS13.0支持下,构造了热带林景观稳定性综合评判模型,对勐腊国营林场各类型森林景观进行稳定性排序。研究结果表明:勐腊县国营林场热带林景观稳定性差异较大,其稳定性大小依次为:其他阔叶林—橡胶林—栎类林—茶叶—竹林—经济乔木林—思茅松林—其他灌木林。该结果可为西双版纳热带林的经营保护提供技术支撑。     

Functional diversity of fish and invertebrates in coral and rocky reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

To define the functional groups of fish and macroinvertebrates in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), visual censuses were performed in 18 areas of four biogeographic provinces: Cortés, Mexican, Panamic and Oceanic Islands. A total of 257 fish and macroinvertebrate species were recorded, and from them, 27 morpho‐functional groups (MFGs) were constructed on the basis of trophic level, maximum size, taxonomy and morphology. Biomass, richness, diversity and evenness of MFGs were calculated for each province and compared statistically; a regression analysis between taxonomic and functional diversity was conducted to observe the relationship between these two indicators. There were significant differences in all ecological indices (p < .002), highlighting the high biomass and richness of MFGs in the Cortés and Oceanic Islands provinces (>400 g/m²), associated with the influence of cold currents in the northernmost region and less fishing pressure in protected areas. A decreasing pattern of MFG richness towards the tropics was observed, which demonstrates that in the ETP, the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species diversity has been translated into functional complexity. The Mexican province was the most functionally diverse (biomass well distributed in the MFG; H′ = 0.46 ± 0.009). Related to this, it is predicted that biomass is biased towards certain functional groups (i.e., large carnivores), which shows that the H′ index of the MFG is not a good indicator of the conservation status of ETP reefs. Finally, regression analysis suggests that functional diversity increases at low species diversity but eventually reaches an asymptote (almost all possible functions are represented).     

内蒙古沙尘暴天气系统及预报指标探讨

根据21 世纪15 a 来出现在内蒙古的沙尘暴个例,归纳形成沙尘暴的高空环流背景和地面天气系统,提炼预报指标。结果显示：沙尘暴是强冷空气爆发南下的过程,具有冷空气强、锋区强、高空急流强的特征;造成内蒙古沙尘暴的高空环流背景可分为高脊移动型、冷槽下滑型、横槽型和低涡旋转型等四个类型;强烈发展的蒙古气旋和冷锋是造成沙尘暴的主要地面天气系统。沙尘暴预报应主要着眼于高空急流轴的位置、乌拉尔山高压脊、高空锋区、蒙古气旋及冷锋、地面变压中心、高空正涡度平流中心与地面气旋相叠置的区域等方面。