The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater

Methods are described for the rapid (11 min) automated shipboard analysis of dissolved sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) in small volume (200 cm³) seawater samples. Estimated precision for the SF₆ measurements is 2% or 0.02 fmol kg⁻¹ (whichever is greater). The method also allows for the simultaneous measurement of chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC11) and chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC12) on the same water sample, with significantly improved sensitivity over previous analytical methods.     

细菌藿多醇的环境指示作用及其在海洋生态环境重建中的应用

细菌藿多醇（Bacteriohopanepolyols,BHPs）是细菌细胞膜中高度结构变异的五环三萜类化合物,易保存且受成岩作用影响较小,广泛分布于陆地和海洋环境中。BHPs作为一种新型微生物标志物,由于其细菌来源专属性和环境专属性,近年来已在示踪有机质来源、环境演变过程以及反演古环境方面表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统分析了近年来全球土壤、沉积物和海水中BHPs的组成、分布和来源,发现热带和温带区域中BHPs的多样性和含量通常高于寒带区域,且由土壤、河流、近海到外海海域逐渐降低。探讨了土壤标志物BHPs、细菌霍四醇同分异构体（BHT- Ⅱ）和35- 氨基霍多醇在有机质来源、缺氧环境、厌氧氨氧化和甲烷氧化活动方面的环境指示作用及在海洋生态环境重建中的应用,以期为示踪海洋生态环境变化提供新指标和新途径。     

Emissions of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by savanna fires

Although Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are known as anthropogenic compounds arising from the combustion or the pyrolysis of fossil fuels, they may be also emitted by the combustion of vegetation. A field study was carried out in January 1991 at Lamto (Ivory Coast) as part of the FOS DECAFE experiment (Fire Of Savanna). Some ground samplings were devoted to the qualitative and quantitative characterization of atmospheric emissions by savanna fires during prescribed burns and under background conditions. Specific collections for gaseous and particulate PAHs have shown that the African practice of burning the savanna biomass during the winter months is an important source of PAHs. These compounds are emitted mainly in gaseous form but a significant fraction, essentially heavy PAHs, is associated with fine carbonaceous particles and can therefore represent a hazard for human health, since some of these compounds are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Twelve compounds were identified during the fire episodes and in the atmospheric background. The total concentration in the fires is of the order of 10 ng m^–3 for the gas phase and from 0.1 to 1 ng m^–3 in the aerosols. In the atmospheric background the mean concentrations are regular, 0.15 ng m^–3 and 2 pg m^–3, respectively. These concentrations are comparable with what is observed in European rural zones. The particulate emissions of PAHs by the savanna fires are distinguished by the abundance of some compounds which can be considered as tracers, although they are also slightly emitted by fossil fuel sources. These compounds are essentially pyrene, chrysene and coronene. In the gas phase, although no individual PAH may be considered as specific of the biomass combustion emissions, the relative abundances of the main PAHs are characteristic of the biomass burning. The concentrations of pyrene and fluorene are always predominant; these compounds could be considered as characteristic emission products of smoldering and flaming episodes, respectively. In the background the PAH composition shows that in a tropical region the air consists of a mixture coming from the various sources, but the biomass combustion is by far the most important source.The fluxes of total PAH emitted by savanna biomass burning in Africa were estimated to be of the order of 17 and 600 ton yr^–1, respectively, for the particulate PAHs and the gaseous PAHs, respectively.     

湿地系统氮的生物地球化学研究概述

系统地回顾了湿地系统氮的生物地球化学循环的研究进展。在氮的输入与累积方面,概述了湿地的大气干湿沉降、湿地有机氮素的矿化、植物累积与枯落物分解以及氮的湿地迁移转化的过程及影响因素等。分析了湿地氮的硝化、反硝化过程,并对湿地土壤水分、水位、温度、pH、Eh、有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤基质以及植被类型等影响因素进行了深入的分析和讨论。并分析了湿地氮各种存在形态的生态效应,展望和提出了湿地氮生物地球化学研究的方向和重点。     

生物地球化学的概念与方法——DNDC模型的发展

生物地球化学作为一个学科包含4个概念,即生物地球化学量、流、群和场.这4个概念从不同角度描述了生命与其环境的关系.生物地球化学量探索生命及其无机环境在元素丰度上的相似性,这种相似性决定了生命体对环境化学状态的依赖性.生物地球化学流描写化学元素在生态系统中的迁移,此迁移导致了生命体与环境间的物质和能量交换.生物地球化学群描述化学元素在迁移转化时的复杂组合关系及其生物效应.生物地球化学场是生态系统中控制生物地球化学反应的各种环境营力的总和.生物地球化学模型即是这一综合力场及其对化学元素迁移转化影响的数学描述,DNDC模型即基于这些概念发展起来.DNDC模型可用来预测陆地生态系统中碳和氮的生物地球化学行为,该模型已被一些国家用来预测农业土壤的长期肥力和温室气体排放.     

Au及伴生元素生物地球化学效应研究：——以广东河台金矿为例

河台金矿位于中国广东西部山区，属南亚热带气候区，该区次生针阔叶混交林发育，覆盖率大于７０％，矿区植物受Ａｕ及伴生元素严重毒化，研究结果表明，河台金矿区植物叶中的Ａｕ含量比照区高３０多倍，Ａｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｈｇ的含量均与对照区处于同一数量级；河台金矿植叶色素中的Ａｕ、Ｃｕ是对照区的２倍多，Ａｇ、Ｈｇ、Ｓ、Ｍｎ的含量均与对照区的处于同一数量级，但显弱正异常，Ｚｎ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｍｇ也与对照区的处于     

Diagnosing ocean tracer transport from Sellafield and Dounreay by equivalent diffusion and age

A simple approach for estimating the equivalent diffusion for diagnosing tracer transport is proposed. Two different expressions are derived; one is based directly on an analytical solution of the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation, the other uses the variance of the tracer distribution. To illustrate some features of the equivalent diffusion and possible applications thereof, idealized releases of passive tracers from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at Sellafield in the Irish Sea and Dounreay on the northern coast of Scotland have been simulated with a regional isopycnic co-ordinate Ocean General Circulation Model. Both continuous and pulse releases are considered; the former being representative of the actual historical discharges from the reprocessing plants, the latter resembling an accidental scenario. Age tracers are included to calculate the mean time elapsed since the tracers left their source regions. It is found that in the Nordic Seas the age of tracers from Dounreay is approximately 2 years younger than the age from Sellafield. Although tracers from both sources eventually end up along the same transport routes, significant qualitative differences regarding the dispersion properties are found. It is argued that one single parameter, the equivalent horizontal diffusion, which is estimated to be in the range of 20 56 m^2 s^-1 from Sellafield and 170-485 m^2 s^-1 from Dounreay, determines these differences.     

海洋环境有机磷酸酯的来源、分布与生物地球化学过程

继多种溴代阻燃剂加入《斯德哥尔摩公约》持久性有机污染物黑名单后,有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters, OPEs)作为替代品,生产和使用量日益增加。研究表明OPEs可通过大气长距离传输、河流输运等方式进入海洋环境,并对海洋生态系统产生一定风险。本文详细梳理了海洋大气、水体和沉积物介质,以及海洋生物体中OPEs的含量水平和分布特征,并探讨了OPEs的海气交换、大气沉降、洋流输运等物理过程,以及生物富集与转化、生物泵耦合和微生物降解等生物地球化学过程。考虑到OPEs仍在大量生产和使用并将持续进入海洋环境,系统的海洋OPEs连续监测和生态风险评估亟待开展。     

Water age in stormwater management ponds and stormwater management pond-treated catchments

Expansion of impervious surface cover results in “flashy” hydrologic response, elevated flood risk, and degraded water quality in urban watersheds. Stormwater management ponds (SWMPs) are often engineered into stream networks to mitigate these issues. A clearer understanding of how water is stored and released from SWMPs and SWMP-treated catchments is required to better represent these engineered systems in hydrological and water quality models of urban and urbanizing watersheds. Stable water isotopes were used to compare water age in SWMPs and SWMP-treated catchments in an urbanizing watershed. We sampled water biweekly from two SWMPs and five stream sites with varying land cover and stormwater control in their catchments. Two inverse transit time proxies (damping ratio and young water fraction) were computed along with the mean transit time (MTT) by sine–wave fitting for each SWMP and stream site using the δ¹⁸O and δ²H data. Water entering the SWMPs was consistently older (224 and 177 days) than water in or exiting the ponds (ranging from 46 to 91 days and 39 to 67 days, respectively). This finding is likely due to a combination of groundwater infiltration into broken sewer pipes that transport water into the ponds and a bias toward baseflow sampling. At the catchment scale, detention provided by SWMPs was not found to be more significant than the interactive effects of impervious cover, surficial geology, land use proportions, and catchment size in determining MTT. Overall, surficial geology explained the most variation in MTT among the seven sites. This study illustrates the potential for isotope-based approaches of water age to provide information on individual SWMP functioning and the influence of SWMPs on catchment-scale water movement.     

Headwaters drive streamflow and lowland tracer export in a large-scale humid tropical catchment

Headwaters are generally assumed to contribute the majority of water to downstream users, but how much water, of what quality and where it is generated are rarely known in the humid tropics. Here, using monthly monitoring in the data scarce (2,370 km²) San Carlos catchment in northeastern Costa Rica, we determined runoff-area relationships linked to geochemical and isotope tracers. We established 46 monitoring sites covering the full range of climatic, land use and geological gradients in the catchment. Regression and cluster analysis revealed unique spatial patterns and hydrologically functional landscape units. These units were used for seasonal and annual Bayesian tracer mixing models to assess spatial water source contributions to the outlet. Generally, the Bayesian mixing analysis showed that the chemical and isotopic imprint at the outlet is throughout the year dominated by the adjacent lowland catchments (68%) with much less tracer influence from the headwaters. However, the headwater catchments contributed the bulk of water and tracers to the outlet during the dry season (>50%) despite covering less than half of the total catchment area. Additionally, flow volumes seemed to be linearly scaled by area maintaining a link between the headwaters and the outlet particularly during high flows of the rainy season. Stable isotopes indicated mean recharge elevations above the mean catchment altitude, which further supports that headwaters were the primary source of downstream water. Our spatially detailed “snap-shot” sampling enabled a viable alternative source of large-scale hydrological process knowledge in the humid tropics with limited data availability.