沿海海—气界面的化学物质交换

沿海海－气界面化学物质的交换对生物地球化学循环起着十分重要的作用。大气沉降过程是化学物质进入沿海区域的重要途径之一。物质平衡估算的结果指出，在某些沿海区域，经由大气输入的若干痕量物质的总量几乎相当于河流的输入量，有的甚至更多。大气沉降作用是一些沿海区域氮化物的重要来源，并与富营养化有紧密关系。     

The Western North Pacific Playing a Key Role in Global Biogeochemical Fluxes

The oceanic biogeochemical fluxes in the North Pacific, especially its northwestern part, are discussed to prove their importance on a global scale. First, the air-sea exchange processes of chemical substances are considered quantitatively. The topics discussed are sea salt particles transported to land, sporadic transport of soil dust to the ocean and its role in the marine ecosystem, the larger gas transfer velocity of CO₂ indicating the effect of bubbles, and DMS and greenhouse gases other than CO₂. Next, chemical tracers are utilized to reveal the water circulation systems in the region, which are the Pacific Deep Water including its vertical eddy diffusivity, the North Pacific Intermediate Water and the Japan Sea Deep Water. Thirdly, the particulate transport process of chemical substances through the water column is clarified by analyzing the distribution of insoluble radionuclides and the results obtained from sediment trap experiments. Fourthly, the northern North Pacific is characterized by stating the site decomposing organic matter and Si playing a key role in the marine ecosystem. Both are induced by the upwelled Pacific Deep Water. Fifthly, the oceanic CO₂ system related to global warming is presented by clarifying the distribution of anthropogenic CO₂ in the western North Pacific, and roles of the upwelled Pacific Deep Water and the continental shelf zone in the absorption of atmospheric CO₂. Finally, Mn and other chemical substances in sediments are discussed as recorders of the early diagenesis and indicators of low biological productivity during glacial ages in the northwestern North Pacific. It is concluded that the western North Pacific is characterized mainly by the Pacific Deep Water bringing nutrients to the northern North Pacific, located at the exit of the global deep water circulation and, therefore, the region plays a key role in the global biogeochemical fluxes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Biogeochemical Character of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphate at Plume Front in the Changjiang River

Biogeochemical character of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate at plume front is studied based on the data, which were observed in the Changjiang River Estuary in 1988. The results are as follows: The concentrations of nitrate and phosphate change abruptly at plume front and halocline. The concentrations of NO-2 and NH 4 are very high at 10～25m depth. The vertical circumfluence transports NO-3 and PO3-4 , which are released from organisms at the bottom to phytoplankton.     

Some limitations in using <Superscript>222</Superscript>Rn to assess river–groundwater interactions: the case of Castel di Sangro alluvial plain (central Italy)

²²²Rn was used to assess river–groundwater interactions within Castel di Sangro alluvial aquifer (Italy). The effectiveness of results obtained through this indicator was verified by also analyzing δ¹⁸O, major ions and temperature in both surface and groundwater, and carrying out piezometric head monitoring and discharge measurements. Hydrogeological investigations suggested that the river infiltrates into the aquifer in the south-eastern aquifer portion, while groundwater discharges into the river in the north-eastern portion. The latter phenomenon is supported by ²²²Rn data. Nevertheless, flow-through conditions cause the modelled discharge along this river reach, estimated by ²²²Rn data in a degassing-corrected two-component mixing model, to be greater than the measured discharge. Concerning river infiltration into the aquifer, δ¹⁸O, major ions and temperature data show that the river contribution is negligible in terms of aquifer recharge. Thus, the observed increase in ²²²Rn concentration in that portion of the aquifer is due to the enrichment process caused by infiltration of rainwater (²²²Rn free) which flows from the local divide area. Hence, in the study site, the use of only ²²²Rn to predict river–groundwater interactions causes some estimation inaccuracies and it must be coupled with other hydrochemical and hydrogeological parameters to gain a thorough understanding of such interactions.     

End member and Bayesian mixing models consistently indicate near-surface flowpath dominance in a pristine humid tropical rainforest

The impacts of forest conversion on runoff generation in the tropics have received much interest, but scientific progress is still hampered by challenging fieldwork conditions and limited knowledge about runoff mechanisms. Here, we assessed the runoff generation, flow paths and water source dynamics of a pristine rainforest catchment in Costa Rica using end member mixing analysis (EMMA) and a Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR). Geochemical tracer data collected over a 4-week field campaign were combined with tritium data used to assess potential deeper groundwater flow pathways to the perennial stream. The streamflow composition was best captured using three end-members, namely throughfall, shallow (5–15 cm) and deeper (15–50 cm) soil water. We estimated the end-member contributions to the main stream and two tributaries using the two mixing approaches and found good agreement between results obtained from EMMA and MixSIAR. The system was overwhelmingly dominated by near-surface sources, with little evidence for deeper and older groundwater as tritium-derived baseflow mean transit time was between 2.0 and 4.4 years. The shallow soil flow pathway dominated streamflow contributions in the main stream (median 39% and 49% based on EMMA and MixSIAR, respectively), followed by the deeper soil (32% and 31%) and throughfall (25% and 19%). The two tributaries had even greater shallow soil water contributions relative to the main stream (83% and 74% for tributary A and 42% and 63% for tributary B). Tributary B had no detectable deep soil water contribution, reflecting the morphology of the hillslope (steeper slopes, shallower soils and lower vegetation density compared to hillslope A). Despite the short sampling campaign and associated uncertainties, this study allowed to thoroughly assess runoff generation mechanisms in a humid tropical catchment. Our results also provide a first comparison of two increasingly used mixing models and suggest that EMMA and MixSIAR yield comparable estimates of water source partitioning in this tropical, volcanic rainforest environment.     

The evolving perceptual model of streamflow generation at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed

The Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) is a 41-hectare forested catchment within the Piedmont Province of the Southeastern United States. Observations, experimentation, and numerical modelling have been conducted at Panola over the past 35 years. But to date, these studies have not been fully incorporated into a more comprehensive synthesis. Here we describe the evolving perceptual understanding of streamflow generation mechanisms at the PMRW. We show how the long-term study has enabled insights that were initially unforeseen but are also unachievable in short-term studies. In particular, we discuss how the accumulation of field evidence, detailed site characterization, and modelling enabled a priori hypotheses to be formed, later rejected, and then further refined through repeated field campaigns. The extensive characterization of the soil and bedrock provided robust process insights not otherwise achievable from hydrometric measurements and numerical modelling alone. We focus on two major aspects of streamflow generation: the role of hillslopes (and their connection to the riparian zone) and the role of catchment storage in controlling fluxes and transit times of water in the catchment. Finally, we present location-independent hypotheses based on our findings at PMRW and suggest ways to assess the representativeness of PMRW in the broader context of headwater watersheds.     

Hydrologic connectivity at the hillslope scale through intra-snowpack flow paths during snowmelt

The seasonal snowmelt period is a critical component of the hydrologic cycle for many mountainous areas. Changes in the timing and rate of snowmelt as a result of physical hydrologic flow paths, such as longitudinal intra-snowpack flow paths, can have strong implications on the partitioning of meltwater amongst streamflow, groundwater recharge, and soil moisture storage. However, intra-snowpack flow paths are highly spatially and temporally variable and thus difficult to observe. This study utilizes new methods to non-destructively observe spatio-temporal changes in the liquid water content of snow in combination with plot experiments to address the research question: What is the scale of influence that intra-snowpack flow paths have on the downslope movement of liquid water during snowmelt across an elevational gradient? This research took place in northern Colorado with study plots spanning from the rain-snow transition zone up to the high alpine. Results indicate an increasing scale of influence from intra-snowpack flow paths with elevation, showing higher hillslope connectivity producing larger intra-snowpack contributing areas for meltwater accumulation, quantified as the upslope contributing area required to produce observed changes in liquid water content from melt rate estimates. The total effective intra-snowpack contributing area of accumulating liquid water was found to be 17, 6, and 0 m² for the above tree line, near tree line, and below tree line plots, respectively. Dye tracer experiments show capillary and permeability barriers result in increased number and thickness of intra-snowpack flow paths at higher elevations. We additionally utilized aerial photogrammetry in combination with ground penetrating radar surveys to investigate the role of this hydrologic process at the small watershed scale. Results here indicate that intra-snowpack flow paths have influence beyond the plot scale, impacting the storage and transmission of liquid water within the snowpack at the small watershed scale.     

15N示踪技术在湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究中的应用进展

稳定性同位素技术是现代生态学研究中的一门应用技术,它几乎在生态学研究的各个领域都有着广泛的应用。其中¹⁵N技术由于具有示踪和区分氮素物质的源与去向等优越性而在生态系统氮循环研究中发挥了极为重要的作用。文章主要从湿地氮素的输入过程、转化过程以及归趋过程三方面综述了该技术在当前国内外湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究中的应用进展,特别指出当前基于该技术的湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究尚缺乏一定的系统性、深入性和广泛性。最后,文章就该技术在湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究中的应用前景进行了展望研究。     

湿地生态系统碳循环研究进展

碳在不同类型湿地中储藏量约占地球陆地碳总量的15%。由于全球湿地面积迅速减少,湿地生态系统正常的水循环和碳循环过程产生一定的变化,湿地生态系统的演变也可能是全球大气CO₂含量升高的一个不可忽视的重要因素。气候条件是湿地碳循环生物地球化学过程的重要驱动因素,湿地特殊的生态水文过程和土壤环境条件,使得湿地碳循环具有区别于其它生态系统碳循环的特征。影响湿地中碳积累与分解过程的重要控制因子是温度、水文条件和植物群落,特别是水文条件对湿地碳循环过程影响较大。湿地土壤呼吸通量与根层土壤温度呈正相关关系,并受地表积水深度和地下潜水水位的影响,另外,洪泛作用会增加湿地CO₂的排放率,湿地水文过程决定溶解有机碳的输入与输出过程。     

Aluminium in glacial meltwater demonstrates an association with nutrient export (Werenskiöldbreen,Svalbard)

The aluminium (Al) cycle in glacierised basins has not received a great deal of attention in studies of biogeochemical cycles. As Al may be toxic for biota, it is important to investigate the processes leading to its release into the environment. It has not yet been ascertained whether filterable Al (passing through a pore size of 0.45 μm) is incorporated into biogeochemical cycles in glacierised basins. Our study aims to determine the relationship between the processes bringing filterable Al and glacier‐derived filterable nutrients (particularly Fe and Si) into glacierised basins. We investigated the Werenskiöldbreen basin (44.1 km², 60% glacierised) situated in SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard. In 2011, we collected meltwater from a subglacial portal at the glacier front and at a downstream hydrometric station throughout the ablation season. The Al concentration, unchanged between the subglacial system and proglacial zone, reveals that aluminosilicate weathering is a dominant source of filterable Al under subglacial conditions. By examining the Al:Fe ratio compared with pH and the sulphate mass fraction index, we found that the proton source for subglacial aluminosilicate weathering is mainly associated with sulphide oxidation and, to a lesser degree, with hydrolysis and carbonation. In subglacial outflows and in the glacial river, Al and Fe are primarily in the forms of Al(OH)₄^‐ and Fe(OH)₃. The annual filterable Al yield (2.7 mmol m^‐2) was of a magnitude similar to that of nutrients such as filterable Fe (3.0 mmol m^‐2) and lower than that of dissolved Si (18.5 mmol m^‐2). Our results show that filterable Al concentrations in meltwater are significantly correlated to filterable and dissolved glacier‐derived nutrients (Fe and Si, respectively) concentrations in glaciers worldwide. We conclude that a potential bioavailable Al pool derived from glacierised basins may be incorporated in biogeochemical cycles, as it is strongly related to the concentrations and yields of glacier‐derived nutrients.