Evaluating competing hypotheses for the origin and dynamics of river anastomosis

Anastomosing rivers have multiple interconnected channels that enclose flood basins. Various theories potentially explain this pattern, including an increased discharge conveyance and sediment transport capacity of multiple channels, deltaic branching, avulsion forced by base‐level rise, or a tendency to avulse due to upstream sediment overloading. The former two imply a stable anabranching channel pattern, whereas the latter two imply disequilibrium and evolution towards a single‐channel pattern in the absence of avulsion. Our objective is to test these hypotheses on morphodynamic scenario modelling and data of a well‐documented case study: the upper Columbia River. Proportions of channel and floodplain sediments along the river valley were derived from surface mapping. Initial and boundary conditions for the modelling were derived from field data. A 1D network model was built based on gradually varied flow equations, sediment transport prediction, mass conservation, transverse slope and spiral meander flow effects at the bifurcations. The number of channels and crevasse splays decreases in a downstream direction. Also, measured sediment transport is higher at the upstream boundary than downstream. These observations concur with bed sediment overloading from upstream, which can have caused channel aggradation above the surrounding floodplain and subsequent avulsion. The modelling also indicates that avulsion was likely caused by upstream overloading. In the model, multi‐channel systems inevitably evolve towards single‐channel systems within centuries. The reasons are that symmetric channel bifurcations are inherently unstable, while confluenced channels have relatively less friction than two parallel channels, so that more discharge is conveyed through the path with more confluences and less friction. Furthermore, the present longitudinal profile curvature of the valley could only be reproduced in the model by temporary overfeeding. We conclude that this anastomosing pattern is the result of time‐varying sediment overloading and is not an equilibrium pattern feature, and suggest this is valid for many anastomosing rivers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高孔隙岩石局部化变形研究新进展

“压实带”是高孔隙岩石在脆-延性转换阶段发生的一种局部化变形现象．“压实带”的发现改变了关于局部化变形发生方向的传统观念．“压实带”对于理解地壳运动和变形的重要性以及在材料和石油工业等方面的潜在应用,使得它成为岩石物理学和地质学的研究热点之一．本文围绕“压实带”,从实验研究、连续介质理论分析和数值模拟三个方面详细介绍了高孔隙岩石局部化变形的研究进展．     

基于二阶功准则的岩质滑坡准静态-动态转化数值分析

地质不连续带的破坏往往对岩质边坡的失稳起控制性作用。二阶功破坏准则可以分析除振颤失稳外的所有材料失稳问题,因此,利用该准则分析了岩体不连续带的材料失稳破坏问题。首先从数学上解释了使用二阶功分析二维地质不连续带的优势;而后将二阶功破坏准则引入FLAC有限差分计算软件,并根据相关监测数据对南芬铁矿岩质滑坡进行了二维数值分析。滑坡是一个准静态到动态的转化过程,动能的突然爆发标志着准静态-动态转化的发生。二阶功和二阶动能之间存在直接关系,据此关系估算出的南芬铁矿岩质边坡动能演化曲线可以证明二阶功对岩土材料失稳破坏判别的有效性。     

Chandler摆动的非线性分岔耗散

在已有的Ｃｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动非线性共振激发模型的基础上,引入微小的非线性项,得到不可忽略的非线性分岔解。实际上,Ｃｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动方程是可用线性阻尼非线性平面单摆来逼近的,由Ｄｕｆｆｉｎｇ方程可以求得方程的解。     

Explanation of locking of four‐node plane element by considering it as elastic Dirichlet‐type boundary value problem

The aim of this study is to arrive at a better understanding of the phenomenon of locking of low‐order compatible displacement type of finite elements in particular for the hour‐glass mode of the plane four‐node element and dilative materials. To this end the properties of finite elements are investigated in an analytical way, where a finite element is considered as a plane boundary value problem with prescribed boundary displacement (Dirichlet problem). In this paper for the sake of simplicity the simplest possible linear comparison solid, namely isotropic linear elasticity, is applied, although recognizing fully that for a dilative material elasto‐plasticity would be more realistic. From the study described in this paper it is concluded that locking of the four‐node element is not due to any particular numerical formulation of this compatible finite element since, even the analytical solution suffers from this problem. The locking of this element is not related to incompressibility of the material either as the analytical solution shows locking to occur at a parameter set which differs significantly from the one in case of incompressibility. It is shown that locking is a consequence of the combination of the dilative material behaviour and the compatible displacement type of boundary conditions, which leads to infinite isotropic stresses in the element. These infinite isotropic stresses occur at the limit of uniqueness of the solution, which for this element is shown to occur outside the parameter range of the sufficiency of uniqueness. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非对称双环神经网络系统的稳定性和Hopf分岔

环型结构在神经网络中普遍存在,目前对环型神经动力学分岔研究大多数局限于单环情形.值得注意的是,神经网络由成千上万个神经元耦合而成,这些复杂的神经元网络结构不可能只由一个环形结构来准确表述,因此研究具多环拓扑的神经网络模型更具实际意义.本文提出了一种非对称双环神经元网络模型,选择单环的时滞和为分岔参数,分析了双环模型的稳定性和Hopf分岔.最后给出数值仿真对结论进行了验证.     

水下收缩裂隙天然实验研究中获得的新认识

通过青岛市唐岛湾沿岸7个实验工区的考察测试、实验分析、数据处理等,对现代泥质沉积物水下收缩裂隙的整体形成过程、定量分级、各参数间拟合关系、开裂规律以及充填物沉积模式等进行了详细研究,并且建立了相应的地质演化模型。裂隙整体形成过程分4个阶段,依次为:泥水混合物初始混浊阶段;沉积物压实稳定阶段;裂隙形成阶段以及裂隙充填阶段。裂隙形态定量分级可分别用横缝长、纵缝长、裂隙面积和基块面积等参数表示,共分4级。其中裂隙各参数之间的拟合关系以及开裂规律地质建模分析等,对于定量描述裂隙形态、结构、变化规律,预测区域性裂隙规模、判别区域沉积环境等具有重要意义。沙泥质地层裂隙开裂过程中的异常高压作用(形成机理与大地构造中的异常高压相似)以及裂隙分叉角度的统计分析(最多为90°,其次为120°)均属首次提出。其中异常高压作用对于初始裂隙的形成、沉积物粒间水的有效排出以及主要渗流通道的发育起到了重要作用。单一泥质地层裂隙内充填物沉积模式与沙泥互层的多旋回地层略有差异,主要表现为沙层的润滑作用以及对早期裂隙内充填物类型的影响。裂隙纵剖面中生物发育层的出现,对于裂隙内充填物的物理、化学性质将产生重要影响。     

Theoretical and experimental study of Chen chaotic system with notch filter feedback control

Since the past two decades, the time delay feedback control method has attracted more and more attention in chaos control studies because of its simplicity and efficiency compared with other chaos control schemes. Recently, it has been proposed to suppress low-dimensional chaos with the notch filter feedback control method, which can be implemented in a laser system. In this work, we have analytically determined the controllable conditions for notch filter feedback controlling of Chen chaotic system in terms of the Hopf bifurcation theory. The conditions for notch filter feedback controlled Chen chaoitc system having a stable limit cycle solution are given. Meanwhile, we also analysed the Hopf bifurcation direction, which is very important for parameter settings in notch filter feedback control applications. Finally, we apply the notch filter feedback control methods to the electronic circuit experiments and numerical simulations based on the theoretical analysis. The controlling results of notch filter feedback control method well prove the feasibility and reliability of the theoretical analysis.     

海洋生态系统动力学模型的稳定性和Hopf分岔研究

海洋生态系统动力学模型的可预测性是模型应用的重要限制因子之一,而模型稳定性则是模型可预测性的前提。本文提出了一个基于降维理论的方法,用于研究质量守恒的营养盐-浮游植物-浮游动物-碎屑(NPZD)这类海洋生态系统动力学模型的稳定性和Hopf分岔。研究结果显示,NPZD模型的非奇异平衡点是稳定的,而当模型参数在临界值附近变动时可能会发生Hopf分岔。同时,本文采用数值模拟的方法对该理论分析结果进行了实例验证。本文提出的基于降维理论的方法能够从理论上有效分析质量守恒系统的稳定性问题和Hopf分岔。     

Non‐coaxial elasto‐plasticity model and bifurcation prediction of shear banding in sands

Numerous constitutive models built on coaxial theory and validated under axi‐symmetric condition often describe the stress–stain relationships and predict the inceptions of shear banding in sands inaccurately under true triaxial condition. By adopting an elaborated Mohr–Coulomb yield function and using non‐coaxial non‐associated flow rule, a 3D non‐coaxial elasto‐plasticity model is proposed and validated by a series of true triaxial tests on loose sands. The bifurcation analysis of true triaxial tests on dense sands predicts the influence of the intermediate principal stress ratio on the onset of shear band accurately. The failure of soils is shown to be related to the formation of shear band under most intermediate principal stress ratio conditions except for those which are close to the axi‐symmetric compression condition. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.