Modelling of uranium and neptunium chemistry in a deep rock environment

According to the present concept for final storage of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden, the spent fuel, encapsulated in copper or copper/steel canisters, will be placed in tunnels in a deep rock formation. The canisters will be surrounded by compacted bentonite clay acting as a buffer material. In connection with a safety analysis of such a storage facility, the total solubility of certain elements (e.g., uranium) as well as the transport properties (e.g., retardation due to sorption on mineral surfaces) of the long-lived radionuclides released from the canister have to be predicted or measured. The chemical conditions, governing the solubility and speciation of trace elements encountered in and around the repository depend on interactions between the ground water and the engineering materials in the repository and a production of oxidants due to radiolysis in the spent fuel. In the present study the speciation and solubility of uranium and neptunium in a bentonite-ground water system and in ground waters with compositions measured at a site at äspö, SE Sweden, have been calculated. The calculations have been carried out using a recent version of the geochemical computer code PHREEQE and the database HATCHES 5.0. Predictions of the uranium and neptunium concentrations in the ground water in the vicinity of a damaged high level waste repository have also been performed. The uranium concentration in the water in the bentonite barrier is predicted to be of the same order of magnitude or lower than that found in some granitic ground waters. For neptunium the calculations are uncertain due to the small amount of experimentally determined thermodynamic data and few verifications under the conditions (pH - Eh - carbonate concentration) considered. The predicted concentrations (ca 10^–12 m, corresponds to ca 0.006 Bq/l) may be regarded as high, considering the high toxicity of neptunium and its long half-life.     

不饱和膨润土中气体渗透研究

作者对不饱和膨润土中气体渗透情况进行了研究，对实验所使用的膨润土和砂进行了密度、容重、粒重、孔隙度及含水率等特性的表征。实验所建立的气体渗透研究装置可用于测定气体渗透系数，并将其作为材料气体渗透性能的表征，实验结果表明：膨润土的孔隙度和含水率对其渗透系数有十分显著的影响。     

科钻一井钻井液用膨润土性能及分散机理

以科钻一井金刚石取心钻进所产生岩屑的颗粒分布为依据,结合钻井工艺对钻井液性能的要求,介绍了一种低固相、低黏度、低切力、低失水、高分散的膨润土泥浆材料--LBM-SD,并分析了LBM-SD膨润土的分散机理.LBM-SD是由优质钠基膨润土(NV-1)与小相对分子质量的三元共聚物按照一定比例,经过混炼挤压而成.小相对分子质量的三元共聚物为丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺和丙烯腈按照一定工艺聚合而成的共聚物,其分子链上含有大量的羧钠基、酰胺基和腈基.LBM-SD膨润土颗粒呈高分散状态,平均粒径小于3μm.与人工钠基膨润土相比,平均粒径降低了41.7%,平均质量比表面积提高了43.6%,E电位值增加了28.4%.     

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Ti-pillared Bentonite

Ti-pillared bentonite has been successfully prepared using a modified method that can induce the transformation of TiO2 pillar from amorphous to anatase phase at a low temperature （150℃）. The value of d0.01 =1.94 nm obtained by Ti-pillared bentonite is larger than that of corresponding raw clay （1.56 nm）. Due to large numbers of Ti-pillars formed, the Ti-pillared bentonite shows an excellent ability in adsorbing Rhodamine B （RB）. The photocatalytic activity and kinetic equation are investigated by decomposing RB solution under the UV irradiation. It is found that the Ti- pillared bentonite shows super photocatalytic activity for the degradation of RB solution compared with the untreated bentonite and pure TiO2, and the kinetic equation of the degradation of RB solution is a 1.5-oder equation.     

含水率和添加剂对膨润土导热性能影响的研究

膨润土的热学性能是评价膨润土作为高放废物深地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要参数。高庙子膨润土矿床初步确定为我国缓冲/回填材料的供应基地,本研究以石英砂作为添加剂,通过实验获得了高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同砂含量时所对应的导热系数。结果表明,在相同压实条件下,导热系数随着含水率、石英砂含量的增加而增加。     

冀东铁精矿的物化性能测试

对冀东铁精矿进行了系统的物化性能测试。结果表明，铁精矿粒度较粗、颗粒表面光滑、比表面积小、SiO2含量较高。结合矿相结构分析了冀东铁精矿成球性能比较差的原因。采用3％的优质膨润土作铁精矿球团的黏结剂，制得球团的性能能够满足生产要求。     

有机膨润土的制备及测试

以吉林省九台天然钙基膨润土和改性的钠基膨润土为原料 ,用丙烯酰胺和溴代十六烷基三甲基胺进行有机覆盖 ,对制得的有机膨润土进行了X射线衍射 (XRD)分析 ,并结合差热热重 (DTA—TG)分析。结果表明 ,该方法不仅可以制备有机长链季铵盐有机膨润土和小分子有机膨润土 ;而且作为直接原料的天然钙基膨润土也可以制得较好的有机膨润土。     

水化后GCL中膨润土的微观结构研究

近年来土工织物膨润土垫（GCL）被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程之中,而水化后GCL中膨润土的微观结构会对GCL的长期防渗性能和力学性能产生影响。采用压汞试验,对水化后GCL中膨润土的微观结构进行定量分析,研究了液体对微观结构的影响,并通过化学分析来揭示液体产生影响的机制。结果表明,(1) 采用垃圾渗滤液水化后的膨润土孔隙体积密度最大,大孔径孔隙所占比例最高;(2) 出现上述规律的原因可以归结为两个方面,一是由于渗滤液中阳离子浓度最高而使得蒙脱石表面双电层厚度最小,二是更加频繁的离子交换作用使得蒙脱石表面大直径离子比例最高。     

江西省广丰县李家膨润土矿床成因及找矿标志

广丰县李家膨润土矿床赋存于白垩系上统南雄组第二岩性段酸性火山岩的顶底部。膨润土的主要矿物成分为蒙脱石,矿石结构构造与成矿原岩有关。矿石化学成分与酸性熔岩相近,矿体形态及空间分布受酸性熔岩流相带的控制。因此认为,膨润土矿床成矿原岩为酸性玻质熔岩,矿床是由酸性玻璃质熔岩经水解脱玻化而形成,其成因类型为风化淋滤蚀变岩型矿床。膨润土可自然改型,由原来的钠基膨润土改型成钙基膨润土和偏镁的钙基膨润土。对时代较新的酸性火山岩,在玻质熔岩发育处都有可能找到有利用价值的膨润土矿。由于膨润土常由珍珠岩、沸石脱玻化形成,三者常共生出现,是很好的找矿标志。     

垃圾填埋场砂土衬垫中膨润土添加剂的防渗能力

大部分垃圾填埋场选有低洼、底部由砂组成的地带,开发利用砂土作为填埋场防渗衬垫具有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了砂土中渗和膨润土添加２剂对砂土衬垫防渗性能改善的研究方法及研究结果。