闽南虾池综合养殖系统的结构及其养殖效益

本文根据3个地点4口虾池周年跟踪调查，报道了综合养殖系统的结构及其特点、养殖管理技术、各综合养殖系统的经济效益以及各系统的效益评价。此外，还阐述了存在问题与展望，这些调查成果可为对虾养殖业的持续发展提供科学依据。     

Global scope and economics of illegal fishing

We present a conceptual model for the analysis of the costs and benefit aspects of the risk inherent in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) activity. We then develop and present a map of IUU incidences as reported in the Fisheries Centre's Sea Around Us project IUU global database. This map shows that IUU activities are quite widespread geographically. We next present an analysis of the cost and benefit aspects of risks of IUU fishing. A key result of the study is that for the cases analyzed as a group; the expected benefits from IUU fishing far exceed the expected cost of being apprehended. For an assumed 1 in 5 chance of being apprehended, our calculations show that reported fines for the vessels apprehended will have to be increased by 24 times for the expected cost to be at least as much as the expected benefits.     

2009年飞机人工增雨作业抗春旱效益评估

本文介绍了人工增雨作业效益的一种评估方法——区域雨量对比法,以及该方法在实际业务工作中的应用:统计了2009年春季四川省飞机人工增雨的作业情况,采用区域雨量对比法对每次作业进行效益计算,得出每次作业的影响面积、影响区降水、对比区降水、增雨量、增加的降水量等,根据春旱期间的降水情况与旱情缓解情况,对人工增雨抗春旱的效益进行了分析评估,并尝试计算出缩短春旱的持续时间,给出了评估结论,并对该方法的应用进行了讨论。该评估方法对于人工影响天气业务工作,具有一定的实用性和可操作性。     

长春市齐家特大型水源地开发利用前景分析

长春市齐家特大型水源地是吉林省水量最为丰富的4处特大型地下水源地之一,开发利用该水源地．必将取得一定的经济效益和社会效益,前景看好。     

An optimized spatial-temporal-sectoral allocation model for water resources

The deficiency of water resources is limiting directly and severely the social-economic development and ecological environment protection in many regions, and has been exacerbated by rapid industrial growth and national and state agriculture production objectives. Recent national, provincial and local water reform efforts are also focusing on economic efficiency in water allocation. Mathematical modeling in advance is the requirement for scientific decision-making. Water allocation may have different objectives and bases, but in market economy and on the condition of national investment, we should mainly pursue the maximization of economic objectives, except the basic water guarantee for living, ecology and assuring basic production water use. The amount of allocated water is a multi-dimensional variable and can be optimized in many contexts due to differences in the definition of industrial structure, the technical level of production among different areas and the marginal revenues of water resources. Therefore, the problem of water allocation comes down to solving problems of spatial optimization. This paper presents an equating marginal revenue theory for spatial allocation of water resources: when the marginal revenues of water in all area have the same value, the economic benefit from water for all the intake areas reaches its maximum. When the local available water resources and the marginal revenue of water for all sub-areas are given, for different total water supply from outside, we may calculate the optimized dynamic allocation scheme, the sequence of water allocation starting and the economic benefit from the water allocation for different sub-areas, as well as the integrated maximum economic benefit from water utilization. The example of the six southern districts in Hebei province of China illustrates the feasibility of the theory and models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

引江济太工程综合效益的评估及方法探讨

引江济太调水工程自2002年实施以来,不仅发挥了防洪除涝的巨大作用,而且给太湖流域带来了显著的社会、经济和环境效益.探讨评估引江济太工程综合效益的综合指数法与价值估算法,利用层次分析法确定评价因子权重,计算了城镇自来水厂的直接经济效益.通过公众与专家调查确定因子值,然后计算得到综合效益得分为U=77,表明引江济太调水对阳澄淀泖区的经济、社会和环境的综合效益明显,在保障流域河道水位、水环境功能达标、水资源需求满足率,降低人体健康风险,促进水资源综合利用,提高人居环境舒适度、水产养殖效益、水厂效益、工业供水及农业效益等方面效益明显.此外,在提供就业、促进地区文化以及旅游、房地产、航运等方面也有一定的效益.2002-2005年常规调水改善阳澄淀泖区城市自来水厂降低成本的年度效益分别为993万元、2926万元、3617万元、3507万元,合计11043万元.根据水厂效益在综合效益中的贡献比例,可得引江济太产生的经济效益约为4.8亿元,综合效益为53亿元.     

Ecological Benefit Evaluation of Agricultural Heritage System Conservation—A Case Study of the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System

In order to better understand the developmental conditions and trends of the biodiversity at agricultural heritage sites, the structure and function of the ecosystem and ecological environment in Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System is examined in the decade since the implementation of the GIAHS project. Through the collection of historical data and sample-plot survey, this study collates the data from 2005 to 2013 related to the heritage site to evaluate the ecological benefit of the Agricultural Heritage System conservation. The results show that: (1) Since the implementation of heritage conservation, the variety of traditional rice grown at the heritage sites basically remains stable, the varieties of other crops basically remain unchanged and the varieties of fruit trees and medicinal plants have developed at faster rates. As the ecological environment at the heritage sites gradually improved, the species and richness of the biodiversity in the ecosystem have increased, especially the increasing growth of egrets and boars. (2) From 2005 to 2013 in the Fangshan Town of Qingtian County, the ecosystem areas identified as river, forest, urban and bare land have increased. The increased area of the urban ecosystem is the largest one of them, which is up to 20.30 ha; while the area of the forest ecosystem has increased to 7.29 ha. The areas of wetland, reservoir, farmland and grassland have been reduced, and the area of grassland ecosystem has been reduced the most with a reduction of 28.87 ha. From the changes in the values of the ecosystem services of different ecosystem types, the values of forest ecosystem services have achieved the most growth, reaching up to 92000 yuan yr^-1 and the growth of the river and bare land ecosystem service values are not obvious. (3) Over nearly a decade, the soil nutrients and the water quality of rice fields at the heritage site have not obviously changed and the plant diseases and insect pests in the rice fields have not been aggravated. The monitoring indexes are far better than the standard values. With the great support of the local government, the production and living conditions and the living environments of farmers in the villages of the heritage sites have been greatly improved through road reconstruction, water improvement, toilet enhancements and the greening, brightness and beautification of the villages.     

飞机人工增雨的农业效益评估

利用催化剂线源扩散模式确定人工增雨作业后的目标区,并采用非随机活动对比区和目标区分层历史回归的方法估算作业效果。这评估增雨对农业的影响,利用自然降水对农作物产量贡献的积分回归,获得降水对农作物贡献系数。建立了每次人工增雨对主要农作物的经济效益模型。从而可根据增雨量对农作物产生的直接经济效益进行实时、动态、定量评估。     

福建省森林火险天气等级预报系统

应用福建省森林火险等级气象模式，分析了1986－1996年森林火灾与天气气修的关系，进而建立福建省森林火险等级预报专家系统，在1998－1999年实际应用中经济效益和社会效益显著。     

气象卫星应用效益评估方法及其应用

气象卫星作为重要的气象基础设施具有投入大且潜在效益巨大的特点,开展气象卫星应用效益评估不仅是国家公共资源配置的需要,更是气象卫星系统提高应用效能的需要.参考气象服务和卫星应用效益评估方法,尝试提出适合中国的气象卫星应用效益评估框架.气象卫星应用的总体效益包括通过气象服务间接产生的效益和直接应用产生的效益两部分.前者是气...