Relationship of Stakeholders in Protected Areas and Tourism Ecological Compensation: A Case Study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China

The first step to defining the rights, responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships. Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature, the economy and society. There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development. There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders, involving the utilization of ecological resources, ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests. The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve. The implementation of tourism ecological compensation (tourism payment for ecological service) is a process for redefining the distribution of rights, responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders. This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests. According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars, in cases of tourism ecological compensation, stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders, expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders. This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation. Additionally, based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders, changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled. This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation. The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.     

Enhancing resilience of highway bridges through seismic retrofit

The present study evaluates seismic resilience of highway bridges that are important components of highway transportation systems. To mitigate losses incurred from bridge damage during seismic events, bridge retrofit strategies are selected such that the retrofit not only enhances bridge seismic performance but also improves resilience of the system consisting of these bridges. To obtain results specific to a bridge, a reinforced concrete bridge in the Los Angeles region is analyzed. This bridge was severely damaged during the Northridge earthquake because of shear failure of one bridge pier. Seismic vulnerability model of the bridge is developed through finite element analysis under a suite of time histories that represent regional seismic hazard. Obtained bridge vulnerability model is combined with appropriate loss and recovery models to calculate seismic resilience of the bridge. Impact of retrofit on seismic resilience is observed by applying suitable retrofit strategy to the bridge assuming its undamaged condition prior to the Northridge event. Difference in resilience observed before and after bridge retrofit signified the effectiveness of seismic retrofit. The applied retrofit technique is also found to be cost‐effective through a cost‐benefit analysis. First order second moment reliability analysis is performed, and a tornado diagram is developed to identify major uncertain input parameters to which seismic resilience is most sensitive. Statistical analysis of resilience obtained through random sampling of major uncertain input parameters revealed that the uncertain nature of seismic resilience can be characterized with a normal distribution, the standard deviation of which represents the uncertainty in seismic resilience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于自然的解决方案：林业增汇减排路径、潜力与经济性评价

林业作为实施“基于自然的解决方案（NbS）”的重要领域和路径选择,在落实NbS行动中越来越受到各国政府和专家学者的广泛支持。文中在回顾国内外NbS相关资料的基础上,总结分析了林业领域NbS的内涵和路径、国际和国内相关政策及已采取的措施,重点分析了林业NbS路径的减排潜力、成本与效益。从全球范围看,造林和再造林路径具有较高的技术减排潜力,而减少毁林和森林经营管理是相对更具有成本效益的增汇减排路径。中国对林业NbS的实践及科学研究等尚显不足,但已有的重大林业生态工程已经产生了显著的减排效益和经济效益。未来需要在林业NbS相关标准与计量体系建设、减排技术与经济潜力研究、激励与保障机制等政策研究,以及增强公众意识等方面进一步深化和发展。     

降低岩心钻探成本的途径及金刚石钻头经济效果的评价

本文分析了汽车轻量化的必要性和紧迫性；论述了汽车轻量化的要求、效果和对象；从优化设计，更换材料、革新工艺三个方面探讨了轻量化途径；并以活塞和连杆为例阐明了汽车零部件的轻量化方法。     

三峡库区地质灾害监测预警工程经济效益评估分析

地质灾害监测预警工程有效地保护了三峡库区人民生命财产安全和长江航运。为了衡量其发挥的经济效益,在界定三峡库区地质灾害监测预警工程投入产出边界的基础上,构建详细的投入产出指标体系,进而综合分析地质灾害的类型、特点、环境状况、时空特征等诸多因素,构建了三峡库区地质灾害监测预警工程经济效益的期望值与实际可能值评估模型与方法,并运用湖北省秭归县郭家坝镇头道河村张家湾滑坡的基本数据进行了实例分析。本研究成果可为三峡库区地质灾害监测预警及治理提供决策方法。     

基于生态系统服务的罗源湾围填海方案的经济效益评价

基于可持续发展角度,运用环境经济学理论和方法,建立效益和费用评估模型.按照生态系统服务理论将围填海造成的生态损失货币化,作为经济成本的一部分,参与围填海方案经济效益评价.本文对罗源湾多个围填海方案进行综合评价,并对其进行排序,寻求适宜方案.     

Effectiveness of flood damage mitigation measures: Empirical evidence from French flood disasters

Recent destructive flood events and projected increases in flood risks as a result of climate change in many regions around the world demonstrate the importance of improving flood risk management. Flood-proofing of buildings is often advocated as an effective strategy for limiting damage caused by floods. However, few empirical studies have estimated the damage that can be avoided by implementing such flood damage mitigation measures. This study estimates potential damage savings and the cost-effectiveness of specific flood damage mitigation measures that were implemented by households during major flood events in France. For this purpose, data about flood damage experienced and household flood preparedness were collected using a survey of 885 French households in three flood-prone regions that face different flood hazards. Four main conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, using regression analysis results in improved estimates of the effectiveness of mitigation measures than methods used by earlier studies that compare mean damage suffered between households who have, and who have not, taken these measures. Second, this study has provided empirical insights showing that some mitigation measures can substantially reduce damage during floods. Third, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures is very regional dependent, which can be explained by the different characteristics of the flood hazard in our sample areas that experience either slow onset river flooding or more rapid flash and coastal flooding. Fourth, the cost-efficiency of the flood damage mitigation measures depends strongly on the flood probability faced by households.     

凤凰城景区转让中的利益整合:多中心治理的理论视角

目前，景区经营权转让运作引起了中国特别是欠发达地区景区经营管理体制的巨大变革。实际运作中普遍存在的利益冲突给转让模式运作和景区治理也带来了极大考验，而景区和谐利益格局的建立与维系有赖于各直接利益主体合作形成的多中心治理状态的实现。选择景区经营权转让运作模式的典型之一——湘西凤凰城的个案，以多中心治理理论为范式，分析湘西凤凰城现有的利益格局，进而阐述包括构建第三方监督约束机制，探索新型社区参与机制以及搭建利益互动平台等利益整合的制度安排。     

重庆市黔江县小流域综合治理效益评估

通过对治理和非治理的两个条件相似的小流域的对比分析进行综合治理效益评估,结果表明：治理小流域减洪减沙效益及农作物增产增收效益显著。这将为西南山区类似条件的小流域综合治理提供一定的示范作用。     

Additional Samples: Where They Should Be Located

Information for mine planning requires to be close spaced, if compared to the grid used for exploration and resource assessment. The additional samples collected during quasimining usually are located in the same pattern of the original diamond drillholes net but closer spaced. This procedure is not the best in mathematical sense for selecting a location. The impact of an additional information to reduce the uncertainty about the parameter been modeled is not the same everywhere within the deposit. Some locations are more sensitive in reducing the local and global uncertainty than others. This study introduces a methodology to select additional sample locations based on stochastic simulation. The procedure takes into account data variability and their spatial location. Multiple equally probable models representing a geological attribute are generated via geostatistical simulation. These models share basically the same histogram and the same variogram obtained from the original data set. At each block belonging to the model a value is obtained from the n simulations and their combination allows one to access local variability. Variability is measured using an uncertainty index proposed. This index was used to map zones of high variability. A value extracted from a given simulation is added to the original data set from a zone identified as erratic in the previous maps. The process of adding samples and simulation is repeated and the benefit of the additional sample is evaluated. The benefit in terms of uncertainty reduction is measure locally and globally. The procedure showed to be robust and theoretically sound, mapping zones where the additional information is most beneficial. A case study in a coal mine using coal seam thickness illustrates the method.