How soil texture,channel shape and cross-sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels

To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R² values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross-sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS-3D software was used to solve the three-dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U-shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U-shaped channel with a small channel cross-sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS-3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.     

吉林省村域尺度下居民点空间分布特征及优化重组模式

乡村聚落的空间优化与重构是提高土地资源利用效率,改善农村生产生活条件,促进乡村可持续发展的重要手段。以吉林省为例,采用核密度估计方法和景观形状指数分析了农村居民点空间分布特征,基于农户调查数据估算了吉林省不同区域的农村宅基地闲置情况,将农村居民点长期存在的“破碎化”和日益突出的“空心化”相结合,提出了在行政村尺度下农村居民点优化重组的“整小填大”新模式。结果表明：① 吉林省农村居民点规模小且零散分布,尤其中部呈破碎化分布,形态不规则,具有较大的整治潜力;② 吉林省农村宅基地平均闲置率为18.32%,西部地区最高（24.48%）,分别高于东部和中部地区约6%和12%;③“整小填大”模式可使农村居民点数量减少44.6%,增加有效耕地面积1 046.66 km²。     

空间构件形位检测方法与技术进展

精密工程与工业测量技术应用领域拓展及其与工业计量测试技术的交叉融合,衍生出"空间构件形位检测"技术、方法与系统。本文详细论述了"空间构件"与"形位检测"的定义及范畴,依测量原理将大尺寸空间构件形位检测技术归纳为正交系测量系统、空间支导线测量系统、三角法测量系统和球坐标法测量系统等,综述了各类测量系统和软件的技术进展,分析指出了狭长或超大空间、恶劣环境、目标动态变化等条件下的形位检测难题。     

动力相似法在一次大暴雨过程中的应用

利用NCEP再分析资料、ECWMF预报风场和历史降水量资料,分别采用前人提出的相似量和本文改进的相似量进行动力相似选择试验。结果表明:改进后的相似量的相似选择效果最好。对于南充2012年7月4日区域大暴雨过程,用改进相似量筛选出与此次过程最相似的历史个例,进行对比分析后,发现最相似个例风场与预报风场在形状、强度和影响系统空间配置都很相似,降水实况接近。表明最相似个例的风场和降水资料对该次大暴雨过程的降水量级、落区预报有较高的参考和指示意义。     

Performance of shape indices and classification schemes for characterising perceptual shape complexity of building footprints in GIS

Shape characterisation is important in many fields dealing with spatial data. For this purpose, numerous shape analysis and recognition methods with different degrees of complexity have so far been developed. Among them, relatively simple indices are widely used in spatial applications, but their performance has not been investigated sufficiently, particularly for building footprints (BFs). Therefore, this article focuses on BF shape characterisation with shape indices and classification schemes in a GIS environment. This study consists of four phases. In the first phase, the criteria for BF shape complexity were identified, and accordingly, benchmark data was constructed by human experts in three shape complexity categories. In the second phase, 18 shape indices were selected from the literature and automatically computed in GIS. The performance of these indices was then statistically assessed with histograms, correlation matrix and boxplots, and consequently four indices were found to be appropriate for further investigation. In the third phase, two new indices (Equivalent Rectangular index and Roughness index) were proposed with the objective to measure some BF shape characteristics more efficiently. The proposed indices also were found to be appropriate with the same statistical assessment procedures. In the final phase, BF shape complexity categories were created with the pairs of six appropriate indices and four choropleth mapping classification schemes (equal intervals, natural break, standard deviation, and custom) in GIS. The performance of the index–scheme pairs was assessed against the benchmark data. The findings demonstrated that both new indices and two of the selected indices (Convexity and Rectangularity) delivered higher performance. The custom classification scheme was found more ideal to reveal absolute shape complexity with the index value ranges derived from the boxplots while the other classification schemes were more appropriate to reveal relative shape complexity.     

基岩地区地源热泵系统浅层地热地质条件评估工作方法

在北京地区建设地源热泵系统之前,需要开展浅层地热地质条件评估,以作为政府部门为地源热泵系统立酉备案的必要的技术文件,是一项专业前期可行性研究工作。其评估工作方法和内容,在基岩地区和第四系松散沉积区应有很大的不同。在基岩地区应倜重于野外实地调查,包括填制工作区地质图、工作区岩石特征,岩石完整性调查和水井普测等;并通过充分的资料收集和必要的勘查手段,查明工作区地层、岩石、构造等地质条件,特别是划分构造带、构造影响带范围,进而判断换热孔钻遇地层的可钻性和换热能力,进行相关技术和经济分析及评价。     

基于分类与形态综合的高分辨率影像建筑物提取方法研究

本文提出了一种基于分类和形态综合的高分辨率影像建筑物提取方法。主要研究的是基于高分辨率影像多尺度分割的面向对象人工地物分类方法,并以此为基础提取房屋,实现房屋位置、范围的初步自动化提取。最后,对提取的地物图斑的精确边界利用Hough变换提取直线边缘轮廓线,并以此为基础进行轮廓拟合和制图综合,从而得到规则的、方形组合的建筑物形状信息。     

新疆乌鲁木齐台地电阻率变化及震兆特征

以乌鲁木齐地电阻率观测资料为依据,在展示其变化特征的基础上,对该地电阻率资料异常变化与近区中强地震及部分远区的大地震之间的关系进行了归纳、分析与讨论。对地电阻率前兆异常形态与地震之间的关系进行了探讨。     

浅层地震在复杂断裂带探测中的应用研究

拟建中的潍河特大桥地处沂沭大断裂边缘。区内断裂发育,构造复杂,直接会影响大桥基础的稳定性,因而查清区内断裂带的准确位置与分布是大桥工程的关键。探测应用浅层地震折射波方法和选用追逐与相遇观测系统和大小排列相结合的工作方法,准确地查明了区内断裂的准确位置和特征,与钻井资料对比,十分吻合。     

The effect of lithology on valley width,terrace distribution,and bedload provenance in a tectonically stable catchment with flat‐lying stratigraphy

How rock resistance or erodibility affects fluvial landforms and processes is an outstanding question in geomorphology that has recently garnered attention owing to the recognition that the erosion rates of bedrock channels largely set the pace of landscape evolution. In this work, we evaluate valley width, terrace distribution, and bedload provenance in terms of reach scale variation in lithology in the study reach and discuss the implications for landscape evolution in a catchment with relatively flat‐lying stratigraphy and very little uplift. A reach of the Buffalo National River in Arkansas was partitioned into lithologic reaches and the mechanical and chemical resistance of the main lithologies making up the catchment was measured. Valley width and the spatial distribution of terraces were compared among the different lithologic reaches. The surface grain size and provenance of coarse (2–90 mm) sediment of both modern gravel bars and older terrace deposits that make up the former bedload were measured and defined. The results demonstrate a strong impact of lithology upon valley width, terrace distribution, and bedload provenance and therefore, upon landscape evolution processes. Channel down‐cutting through different lithologies creates variable patterns of resistance across catchments and continents. Particularly in post‐tectonic and non‐tectonic landscapes, the variation in resistance that arises from the exhumation of different rocks in channel longitudinal profiles can impact local base levels, initiating responses that can be propagated through channel networks. The rate at which that response is transmitted through channels is potentially amplified and/or mitigated by differences between the resistance of channel beds and bedload sediment loads. In the study reach, variation in lithologic resistance influences the prevalence of lateral and vertical processes, thus producing a spatial pattern of terraces that reflects rock type rather than climate, regional base level change, or hydrologic variability. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.