Monitoring gravel augmentation in a large regulated river and implications for process‐based restoration

The artificial gravel augmentation of river channels is increasingly being used to mitigate the adverse effects of river regulation and sediment starvation. A systematic framework for designing and assessing such gravel augmentations is still lacking, notably on large rivers. Monitoring is required to quantify the movement of augmented gravel, measure bedform changes, assess potential habitat enhancement, and reduce the uncertainty in sediment management. Here we present the results of an experiment conducted in the Rhine River (French and German border). In 2010, 23 000 m³ of sediments (approximately the mean annual bedload transport capacity) were supplied in a by‐passed reach downstream of the Kembs dam to test the feasibility of enhancing sediment transport and bedform changes. A 620‐m‐long and 12‐m‐wide gravel deposit was created 8 km downstream from the dam. Monitoring included topo‐bathymetric surveys, radio‐frequency particle tracking using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, bed grain size measurement, and airborne imagery. Six surveys performed since 2009 have been described (before and after gravel augmentation, and after Q₂ and Q₁₅ floods). The key findings are that (i) the augmented gravel was partially dispersed by the first flood event of December 2010 (Q₁); (ii) PIT tags were found up to 3200 m downstream of the gravel augmentation site after four years, but the effects of gravel augmentation could not be clearly distinguished from the effects of floods and internal remobilization on more than 3500 m downstream; (iii) linear and log‐linear relationships linking bedload transport, particle mobility, and grain size were established; and (iv) combined bathymetry and PIT tag surveys were useful for evaluating potential environmental risks and the first morpho‐ecological responses. This confirmed the complementary nature of such techniques in the monitoring of gravel augmentation in large rivers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卫星大地测量学的研究现状及发展趋势

机载海洋激光测深系统发射的激光脉冲经由大气、海气界面和海水的复杂信道传播, 信号功率随海水深度的增加呈指数衰减, 同时脉冲波形随深度增加发生严重的脉冲展宽与波形失真, 此两类传输特性分别限制了最大测量深度与测深精度。为了在确保最大测量深度指标的前提下改进机载海洋激光测深系统的测深精度, 首先结合实测水质数据与蒙特卡罗仿真方法, 研究不同深度下的回波信号特性, 揭示激光信号的传输特性, 建立新的激光测深系统参数设计方法, 可满足国际上现有机载海洋激光测深系统的指标; 然后在系统参数确定的条件下, 对不同深度回波信号的波形失真进行仿真, 设计了自适应匹配滤波算法以提高测深精度。仿真结果表明, 所设计的系统参数及自适应匹配滤波算法可以实现机载测绘性能为白天测深深度50 m、测深精度166 mm, 夜晚测深深度70 m、测深精度172 mm。     

The dynamics of a bathymetrically arrested estuarine front

The mixing and circulation associated with a bathymetrically arrested estuarine front was studied using hydrographic and current data. A quasisteady front, exhibiting strongly convergent surface flows, is formed along the steeply sloping inner margins of the flood tide delta during each semidiurnal tide cycle. This front separates the brackish ambient water within a deep estuarine basin from the incoming oceanic tidal water. The position of the front is dependent on the local water depth and the difference in density between the two water masses. Beneath the surface there is an inclined frontal interface where static stability is very low and vertical mixing intense. A vertically integrated horizontal momentum equation was derived for flow in the upper layer and an estimate made as to the value of the associated entrainment coefficient.     

Observations on the faunas of two warm streams in the taupo thermal region

Observations were made on the biota of two warm streams in the Taupo thermal region during December 1965 and June 1966. Distribution of the fauna was related to the observed water temperatures, and the possible effects and importance of high temperature are discussed. The principal “thermal” species were Protozoa, larval and adult Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), larval and pupal Ephydridae (Diptera), Nematoda, and Rotifera.     

海洋测深波束角效应改正的海底倾斜角求解差分算法

在海底地形测量中,由于波束角效应导致探测的海底地形存在失真。为提高海底地形的测量精度,应消除或减弱波束角效应影响。而对未知海底的倾斜角求解问题是解决波束角效应的难点之一。为此,针对单波束测量提出了一种实用的海底倾斜角差分算法。实例计算表明,差分算法更为有效、合理,适合于计算机处理。     

应用重力地质方法反演皇帝海山的海底地形

论述了采用重力地质方法(GGM)反演海底地形的基本原理,并使用该方法计算了皇帝海山南部的海底地形模型,与现有的海深模型和船测海深数据相比,其精度略高于ETOPO2模型。与经典方法相比,GGM方法不需引入先验模型,不必考虑海底的均衡状况,模型简单,易于计算。     

Évolution temporelle et architecture interne d'un banc sableux estuarien : la Longe de Boyard (littoral atlantique,France)

The evolution and the internal architecture of an estuary type sand ridge has been studied with a set of bathymetric data recorded during the last two centuries and with a dense grid of recent very high resolution seismic profiles. Bathymetric data of the so-called, Longe de Boyard sand ridge, displays sand losts due to wave and tide erosion. Internal geometry, through seismic profile analysis, indicates two main phases of deposition recording both, a recent high energy environment and an older low energy one, respectively. Such an evolution is believed to record changes in sedimentation processes mainly related to the end of the Holocene transgression (8 000–5 000 yr BP). To cite this article: É. Chaumillon et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 119–126.     

Global ellipsoid-referenced topographic,bathymetric and stripping corrections to gravity disturbance

This paper revisits several aspects of defining and computing the anomalous gravity data for purposes of gravimetric inversion/interpretation. Attention is paid to evaluation of a refined global topographic correction to the gravity disturbance based on the reference ellipsoid (RE) and constant reference density for solid topography onshore and sea water density for liquid topography offshore. The global bathymetric correction is discussed. Two issues associated with compilation and inversion of bathymetrically and topographically corrected gravity disturbances in regions of negative ellipsoidal (geodetic) heights are pointed out: the evaluation of normal gravity and the harmonic continuation of the gravity data. Stripping, the removal of an effect of a known density contrast, is considered also for additional geological elements such as lakes, glaciers, sedimentary basins, isostatic mountain roots, etc. The stripping corrections are discussed in the context of the gravimetric inverse problem.     

Removing sun glint from optical remote sensing images of shallow rivers

Sun glint is the specular reflection of light from the water surface, which often causes unusually bright pixel values that can dominate fluvial remote sensing imagery and obscure the water‐leaving radiance signal of interest for mapping bathymetry, bottom type, or water column optical characteristics. Although sun glint is ubiquitous in fluvial remote sensing imagery, river‐specific methods for removing sun glint are not yet available. We show that existing sun glint‐removal methods developed for multispectral images of marine shallow water environments over‐correct shallow portions of fluvial remote sensing imagery resulting in regions of unreliable data along channel margins. We build on existing marine glint‐removal methods to develop a river‐specific technique that removes sun glint from shallow areas of the channel without over‐correction by accounting for non‐negligible water‐leaving near‐infrared radiance. This new sun glint‐removal method can improve the accuracy of spectrally‐based depth retrieval in cases where sun glint dominates the at‐sensor radiance. For an example image of the gravel‐bed Snake River, Wyoming, USA, observed‐versus‐predicted R² values for depth retrieval improved from 0.66 to 0.76 following sun glint removal. The methodology presented here is straightforward to implement and could be incorporated into image processing workflows for multispectral images that include a near‐infrared band. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.