超弹性-复摩擦摆隔震支座的性能试验与数值模拟

利用复摩擦支座（Double friction pendulum bearing,DFPB）和形状记忆合金（Shape Memory alloy,SMA）拉索,提出了一种超弹性-复摩擦支座（Superelastic-double friction pendulum bearing,SDFPB）。该新型滑动隔震支座在水平方向可适应多水准地震激励,且在竖向拥有抵抗拉拔的功能。阐述了SDFPB的构造特点和工作原理。通过性能试验考察了这一隔震装置的力学特性。建立了SDFPB的恢复力模型,利用其模拟了试验条件下的滞回响应。研究结果表明:SDFPB的耗能能力优良,且具有较好的多级抗震自适应能力;模拟值与试验值吻合较好,验证了上述力学模型的正确性。     

顶管工作坑可拆卸支护型式设计研究

介绍了顶管工作坑施工中可拆卸支护型式主要组成要素,包括竖向空心立柱和厚度不一的特制板材两大部分。其中竖向立柱可以通过传力装置、气锤或是小型钻机成孔的方式埋设到预计深度,通过分层开挖的型式逐层铺设特制板材进行支护。详细阐述了支护型式的结构型式、工作原理、施工工艺和设计理论。并结合工程实例,叙述其设计流程,根据实际计算值验证立柱刚度选择的可行性及特质板材尺寸设计的合理性,避免传统施工工艺复杂的现状,达到节约工程材料、提高施工效率、降低工程成本的目的。     

江苏省旅游经济重心演进格局及其驱动机制

运用重心模型,定量分析了2001—2012年江苏省旅游经济时空格局的演进过程。江苏省旅游外汇收入重心持续北上,国内旅游收入重心则先南下、后北上,旅游总收入重心的演化路径与国内旅游收入较为相似;江苏省旅游外汇收入重心、国内旅游收入重心和旅游总收入重心都明显偏离几何中心,但呈缓慢趋同态势;旅游外汇收入重心与入境旅游客流重心、国内旅游收入重心与国内旅游客流重心、旅游总收入重心与旅游客流总量重心均呈现出显著的空间分离特征。从资源开发、政策支持、经济基础、对外开放和事件影响等方面深入剖析了江苏省旅游经济重心移动的驱动机制。旅游资源的开发利用是旅游经济重心移动的关键驱动因素,政府的区域发展政策是旅游经济重心移动的直接驱动因素,经济发展的区域格局及其变化促进旅游经济重心的移动,对外开放的全面推进成为旅游经济重心移动的助推剂,重大事件驱动旅游经济重心变化趋势发生短暂性偏离。     

Propagation of vibrations in thawing deep seasonally frozen soils in railway subgrade

In this study, in-situ testing results are given, and the analytical relationship of the vibrations' amplitudes inside an embankment by the thawing of the subgrade surface of seasonably deep frozen soils is provided. The peculiarities of the vibration waves' propagation during the springtime thawing of soils compared to those during the summertime period and the correlation of the vibrations with the under-rail basement modulus of elasticity are defined.     

基于时序Landsat数据的地理国情监测方法初探

为全面掌握地表自然和人文地理国情信息,基于北京市海淀区1986—2010年间8个不同时相的Landsat数据,分析了海淀区资源与环境要素的时空变化特点,讨论了其中的驱动因素。结果表明:在1986—2010年间,耕地面积减少了45.7%,建设用地面积增加了38.95%,林、草地面积增加了23.44%,水体和其他用地面积变化不明显;城市范围向西、向北方向扩展,在西北旺地区表现得尤为明显;城市质心向西北方向偏移;城市紧凑度逐渐减小,分形指数逐渐增大,反映出城市饱和程度降低,城市边界逐步复杂化,综合土地利用动态度呈先减小后增大的趋势。因此认为,人口的增长、经济的发展、基础设施的建设以及政策法规的制定等,都促进了北京市海淀区资源与环境要素的变化。     

Discussion on Geodynamics of Three-body Motion

To determine the Earth's dynamics and their equations, which are crucial for Earth science research, this paper analyzes the interaction forces in the motion of a three-body system(namely, fixed, active, and passive points), based on the orbital motion. The mathematical derivation has been conducted strictly according to trigonometric functions with time and space as variables. In spatial transformation, related data items are simplified and replaced reasonably and necessarily according to the physical phenomenon to conduct derivations of planar to spatial transformation, through which the motion point has universal significance. Moreover, the polynomial equation for the dynamics has been obtained. Results indicate that the polynomial expression for the dynamics comprises the tidal force, the powerful mid-latitude Force(PML Force), and gravitation. Gravitation analysis shows that it is proportional to the dynamics quality, the size of the angular velocity of their deviation from the progenitor–paternal orbital plane's center position, and the square of the progenitor orbital plane's distance. However, it is inversely proportional to the distance of the paternal orbital plane and not related to another body's quality. Some past errors are addressed and some constructive conclusions are offered in the discussion of gravitation.     

Bilge keel loads and hull pressures created by bilge keels fitted to a rotating cylinder

This paper presents bilge keel loads and hull pressure measurements carried out on a rotating cylinder in a free surface water basin. A flat plate bilge keel and one more complex shaped bilge keel were studied to investigate the geometry effect. The draft of the cylinder was varied to study the effect of the vicinity of the free surface on the bilge keel loads and hull pressures. The rotation axis of the cylinder was fixed to define a pure roll experiment (one degree of freedom).The cylinder was subject to forced oscillations of varying amplitude leading to a KC range of 0.3–16. Using Fourier analysis the first three harmonic coefficients representing the normal bilge keel load were derived. The first harmonic drag and inertia coefficients are in good agreement to existing experimental data obtained for wall bounded flat plates fitted in a U-shaped water tunnel as reported by Sarpkaya and O’Keefe (1996). New insight is gained by the fact that the addition of higher harmonic contributions is essential to capture the time varying bilge keel normal force.The pressure measurements next to the bilge keel are compared to measurements reported by Ikeda et al. (1979). Similar findings are obtained, showing that the pressure on the hull in front of the moving bilge keel is KC independent while the vortex system in the wake of the bilge keel leads to KC dependent hull pressure distributions. The hull pressure jump over the bilge keel correlates well to the force coefficient on the bilge keel. The complex nature of the vortex induced hull pressures is manifested. The empirically derived hull pressure distribution by Ikeda et al. (1979) for the time instant of maximum velocity is shown to correlate reasonably well to the measured data with some conservatism in the absolute value.Although a cylinder is very different from a ship-shaped section, the experiments provide essential insight into the physics associated with roll damping and into the factors that should be included in a roll damping prediction method.     

不同垂直坐标系对垂直速度计算的影响

近年来,随着高精度中尺度数值预报模式和多尺度统一模式的发展,与之相关的一些非静力中尺度模式技术也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响问题就是其中之一。本文借助于高精度美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(Weather Reseach and Forecast),模拟分析了两种不同的坐标系对模式大气中垂直速度计算的影响。试验结果表明,不同的坐标系对大气垂直速度大小计算存在着差异,特别是当分辨率提高时,不同垂直坐标系对大气垂直结构的刻画的差别更加明显。由于垂直速度与降雨过程密切相关,垂直速度的计算差异必然影响模式对降雨过程的描述。理想试验结果表明,在气压地形追随坐标中气压梯度力的计算对地表气压计算很敏感。     

岩体结构变形破坏的内在驱动力-不平衡力

岩体结构的变形破坏是一个渐近过程,常规的强度设计与极限分析均无法描述这一过程。在回顾总结岩体结构破坏控制、变形控制的基础上,提出岩体结构变形破坏控制最终要落实到开裂控制上来。总结了岩体结构开裂计算的特点和难点,阐明了用不平衡力描述岩体结构变形破坏过程的理论依据。分别从单轴压缩试验、边坡开挖卸荷、拱坝坝踵坝趾开裂等3个具体的数值案例论证不平衡力与开裂破坏的内在相关性。提出了蓄水导致不可逆的谷幅变形也是不平衡力作用结果:裂隙水压力使屈服面收缩、原先处于屈服或临界屈服状态的岩体应力状态超出屈服面,产生不平衡力和不可逆的塑性变形。指出了不平衡力本质是岩体结构非平衡态到平衡态的距离,岩体结构非平衡演化的总体趋势服从最小塑性余能原理,进一步指出了无法消除的不平衡力是岩体结构变形破坏的内在驱动力。不平衡力不仅可以作为岩体结构变形破坏的判据,还能给出相应的加固措施,具有重要的工程意义。     

负浮力是板块运动的驱动力吗?关于岩石断裂力学的讨论

本文从岩石断裂力学的角度,讨论了俯冲板块下拉牵引力(负浮力)作为板块运动初始驱动力的可能性。笔者总结已发表的岩石抗张强度的岩石力学实验结果,并和现在普遍认为的负浮力的数量级进行对比分析,结果表明大洋岩石圈上部岩石强度较低,仅有n×10 MPa。虽然随着温度和压力的增加岩石圈的强度不断增强,但是在板块俯冲的初始阶段,大洋岩石圈可能无法承受拖曳板块运动高达n×10² MPa的应力。此外,构造模拟、热开裂、疲劳断裂、俯冲挠曲、俯冲脱水以及熔融作用等地质现象的分析,也表明俯冲板块的负浮力作为板块运动初始驱动力是不符合客观事实的。