Removal of the Azo Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solutions by the Marine Alga Porphyra yezoensis Ueda

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out using nonliving biomass of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (red alga) for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solutions at 25°C. The effects of process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent concentration and ionic strength were investigated. The raw biomass and Congo red loaded biomass were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models were tested. The results showed that adsorption of Congo red followed pseudo second order kinetics very well. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied to the data related to the adsorption isotherms, and the observed maximum adsorption capacities (q_m) were 71.46 mg/g at 25°C. Adsorbent concentration and ionic strength had a marked effect on Congo red adsorption.     

Interrelations between framework-building and encrusting skeletal organisms and microbes: more-refined growth history of Lower Devonian bindstones

The framework‐building stromatoporoid Stachyodes, the encrusting calcimicrobe Rothpletzella and encrusting Graticula‐like red algae are major contributors to red algal–calcimicrobial–stromatoporoid bindstones in the Lower Devonian Elmside Formation of the Yass Basin, New South Wales, Australia. The distribution and accumulation patterns of encrusting organisms within the red algal–calcimicrobial–stromatoporoid bindstones observed by optical microscopy and SEM imply a biotic interrelationship between skeletal organisms and microbes that reflects environmental changes. Rothpletzella is characterized by prostrate filaments with frequent branching and a high angle of bifurcation. Filaments of Graticula‐like red algae exhibit rare branching and a relatively low angle of bifurcation. In addition, they are prostrate at the base before becoming erect. Both Rothpletzella and the red algae successively encrust the surfaces of skeletal frameworks, but exhibit different distributions. Rothpletzella and other calcimicrobes cover both the lower and upper surfaces of frameworks, whereas red algae are limited to the upper surfaces. Their individual distributions are thus significantly influenced by the frameworks formed by the thin, laminar stromatoporoid Stachyodes, which create different microenvironments as by‐products. The limited distribution of the red algae was probably related to light levels or phototropism. Upper framework surfaces are variously encrusted by calcimicrobes and the red algae to form thick crusts with varying accumulation patterns. Micritization around the algal thalli, covering of calcimicrobes such as Wetheredella, and microbial micrites between algal thalli all suggest interruptions of algal growth that correspond to episodes of harsh environmental conditions. Transitions from Graticula‐like red algae to Rothpletzella reflect periods of deteriorating environmental change for skeletal organisms, which resulted in the predominance of microbial growth. In contrast, a resurgence of red algae on calcimicrobes suggests improved environmental change. Repeated accumulation patterns between Graticula‐like red algae and Rothpletzella indicate changing habitat environments and competitive relations within skeletal organisms and microbes. These relationships provide insight into understanding how skeletal organisms and microbes utilized space and how they interrelated with each other to produce Devonian reefal limestones.     

塔里木盆地原油中的微化石与油源岩形成环境

本文基于塔里木盆地原油中发现的８９属１８３种孢子花粉化石和１６属２７种菌藻类化石的研究，通过孢粉化石的油源对比确认中代陆相油源的重要贡献、并根据孢子花粉母体植物和藻类的生态特征讨论了油源岩形成的环境。     

粗枝软骨藻化学成分研究

为了研究中国沿海海藻中的抗肿瘤活性成分,利用正相硅胶柱色谱和凝胶Sephadex LH-20色谱,从采自青岛的粗枝软骨藻(Chondria crasscaulis)中分离得到了5个化合物,经红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振光谱(1H NMR、13C NMR)以及质谱(MS)等现代波谱技术鉴定为loliolide(1),2-羟基苯甲醛(2),4-羟基苯甲醛(3),4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(4)和4-羟基苯甲酸(5)。     

Chemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of two sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha linza (Chlorophyta)

Two sulfated polysaccharides, designated MP and SP, were extracted from the marine green alga Enteromorpha linza using hot water and then purified using ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The anticoagulant activities of MP and SP were examined by determination of their activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) using human plasma. Results showed that MP and SP were composed of abundant rhamnose with small amounts of xylose and glucuronic acid, whereas SP also contained a small amount of galactose. Approximate molecular weights of MP and SP were 535 and 502 kDa, respectively. As compared with SP, MP had higher contents of sulfate ester (19.0%) and uronic acid (14.9%). The MP mainly consisted of (1→4)-linked rhamnose residues with partially sulfated groups at the C-3 position, and small amounts of (1→3, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→2, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→4)-linked glucuronic acid and (1→4)-linked xylose residues. The SP contained abundant (1→4)-linked rhamnose with minor amounts of (1→3)-linked rhamnose, (1→3, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→2, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→4)-linked glucuronic acid, (1→4)-linked xylose, and (1→3)-linked galactose residues. The sulfate groups were mainly located at C-3 of (1→4)-linked rhamnose residues. Both MP and SP, in particular the former, effectively prolonged APTT and TT. This work demonstrates that MP and SP have unique structural characteristics distinct from those of other sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha. The MP is a potential source of anticoagulant, and the difference in anticoagulant activities of the two sulfated polysaccharides is directly linked to the discrepancy of their chemical features.     

Production of the Blood Pressure Lowing Peptides from Brown Alga ( Undaria pinnatifida )

1 IntroductionIncreased blood pressure appears to be one of theprimary risk factors of circulatory organ diseases suchas encepharo-apoplexy, encepharo-infarction and cardi-ac infraction. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)plays an important role in the rennin-angiotensin sys-tem by regulating blood pressure. Antihypertensivedrugs such as captopril and enalapril are potent ACEinhibitors (Ondetti et al., 1977). Recently, severalinhibitory peptides derived from food proteins havebeen isolat…     

硇洲马尾藻Sargassum naozhouense幼孢子体附着及原生态恢复

【目的】探究硇洲马尾藻(Sargassum naozhouense)幼孢子体附着的选择性及原生态位点固着人工藻礁对马尾藻海藻资源恢复效果。【方法】选用混凝土、黄泥砖、牡蛎壳、聚丙烯板、橡皮条、沥青等6种废弃物材质对硇洲马尾藻幼孢子体附着效果进行比较;将硇洲马尾藻于徐闻南山进行原生态位点投放,周年观察比较人工藻礁与自然藻礁生长差异,探究硇洲马尾藻资源恢复效果。【结果】(1)不同材质藻礁对硇洲马尾藻幼孢子体附着差异显著,附着效果依次为混凝土>黄泥砖>牡蛎壳>聚丙烯板>橡皮条,沥青完全没有幼孢子附着。(2)当年人工藻礁苗有性生殖苗较自然生态苗生长慢,第二年假根再生苗生长与自然苗生长无显著性差异。(3)人工藻礁苗成活率为29.2%,此后不出现消退死亡,并以假根再生维持种群的繁衍。【结论】混凝土是马尾藻原生态藻床恢复较理想的人工附着基,黄泥砖、牡蛎壳、聚丙烯板等废弃物也可用于天然硇洲马尾藻以及室内有性苗源的附着基。假根再生是马尾藻种群繁衍的主要方式,利用有性繁殖的幼孢子体附着于混凝土块上进行硇洲马尾藻原生态位点投放是短时间增加马尾藻资源的有效措施,可为硇洲马尾藻海藻资源恢复提供可行的方法。     

海洋微藻培育系统抗弧菌作用机理

于1996年1－6月在中国科学院海洋研究所对微藻培育系统抗弧菌作用机理进行研究。结果表明，球等鞭金藻3011、三角褐指藻2038、扁藻1040及小球藻1061等4种饵料微藻中与藻共存细菌单菌株及群落均无限制弧菌生长作用；各培养时期除菌微藻3011不能限制弧菌生长；除菌微藻2038具有微弱限制弧菌生长能力，处于生长指数后期时作用相对较强，与藻共存细菌群落回加除菌微藻3011及2038，则恢复排斥弧菌能力，细菌先于弧菌加入时（如先加入3d)排斥能力显现较快，反之则较慢。另外还发现，除菌藻2038代谢产物（0．65μm 滤膜过滤获得）无限制弧菌生长能力，4种饵料微藻（自然藻－菌混和体）代谢产物（0．2及0．65μm滤膜过滤获得）无限制弧菌生长作用。因此，微藻培育系统抗弧菌机理可归结为：以微藻为基础的微小生物群落因优先占有生态空间而对弧菌菌群具有排它性。     

两种海洋细菌对赤潮藻的细胞生物量的影响研究

在实验室培养条件下 ,研究了两种海洋杆菌属细菌S7 (Bacillusmegaterium)和S10(B.halmapulus)对赤潮藻 (Alexandriumtamarense(Lebour)Balech)的细胞生物量 (细胞密度及叶绿素含量 )的影响。结果显示 ,细菌滤液对藻细胞增殖的影响与细菌浓度、细菌的种属特性以及藻细胞自身的生长阶段有关。其中 ,细菌浓度较高的C1 处理 (2×1010个/ml)对藻细胞生物量具有明显的抑制作用 ,而浓度较低的C2 和C3 处理 (2×109,2×108 个/ml)则显示了一定程度的促进作用 ;对于同一种赤潮藻 ,S10 在抑制或促进的程度和倾向上均比S7 的更为明显。不管是抑制或促进作用 ,在藻细胞的生长前期 (10d)时比后期 (18d)的更为明显。     

An improved method for karyotype analyses of marine algae

Modified carbol fuchsin staining method was successfully introduced into the karyotype analyses of marine algae, in-cluding Porphyra, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica. Haploid chromosomes were numbered clearly in the vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Diploid chromosomes were observed and numbered in immature conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Pit-connections of Porphyra were also clearly demonstrated. Prophase chromosomes of conchocelis cells were also clearly stained with modified carbol fuchsin. One molar per liter hydrochloric hydrolysis at 60℃ for 7-8min is necessary for getting transparent cytoplasm for conchosporangial karyotype analysis of Porphyra. Staining effects of the three methods using iron alum acetocarmine, aceto-iron-haematoxylin-chloral hydrate and modified carbol fuchsin were compared on the vegetative, sperrnatangial and conchosporangial cells of Porphyra and the gametophytes of U. pinnati-fida and L. japonica. Among the three methods, the modified carbol fuchsin method gave the best result of deep staining and good contrast between nucleus and cytoplasm.