增强型地热系统开发技术研究进展

增强型(或工程型)地热系统(简称EGS)是指从地下3～10km低渗透岩体中经济开采深层地热的人工热能系统,主要用于发电.作为目前地热领域的重要发展方向,其研究受到发达国家的高度重视,但我国对增强型地热系统的研究还基本处于空白.本文从增强型地热系统的概念和开发思路入手,总结资源勘查、人工储层建造、地热田生产以及监测等阶段需要的科学与工程方面的关键技术及研究现状,对于提高深层地热认识,明确未来的技术发展方向具有重要意义.     

Application of restriction site amplified polymorphism (RSAP) to genetic diversity in Saccharina japonica

Restriction site amplified polymorphism (RSAP) was used, for the first time, to analyze the genetic structure and diversity of four, mainly cultivated, varieties of the brown alga, Saccharina japonica. Eighty-eight samples from varieties "Rongfu", "Fujian", "Ailunwan" and "Shengchanzhong" were used for the genetic analyses. One hundred and ninety-eight bands were obtained using eight combinations of primers. One hundred and ninety-one (96.46%) were polymorphic bands. Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.360, and the coefficient of genetic differentiation was 0.357. No inbreeding-type recession was found in the four brown alga varieties and the results of the "Ailunwan" variety using samples from 2 years showed that the variety was becoming less diverse during the selection inherent in the breeding program. Genetic diversity and cluster analyses results were consistent with these genetic relationships. The results show the RSAP method is suitable for genetic analysis. Continuous inbreeding and selection could reduce the genetic diversity effectively; therefore periodical supervision is required.     

超高台阶排土场散体块度分布规律及抗剪强度参数的研究

“明显的粒径分级”是超高台阶排土场的重要特征,而散体岩土块度分布及其抗剪强度参数是影响超高台阶排土场稳定性和灾害防治的两个关键因素。针对江西某铜矿排土场,开展了现场粒径调查和散体室内试验研究,探讨了排土场散体岩土块度随排土场高度变化的分布规律,分析了散体岩土块度分布参数与其物料抗剪强度参数的定量关系式。研究结果表明,平均粒径 、粗料含量P>5 mm和最大粒径是随排土场高度的增加而明显减小,这表明排土场的堆积散体具有“明显的粒径分级”现象;“Gandin-Schuhmann模型”拟合的分布参数与排土场高度呈递减函数;分布参数B越大,粒度组成中粗颗粒含量越多,剪切强度参数内摩擦角φ值越大,且分布参数B与内摩擦角φ呈指数函数关系。研究成果可为超高台阶排土场稳定性分析及灾害防治提供理论依据。     

Moina sp. (cladocera: Daphnidae) in a sewage plant,wellington (note)

An unidentified species of the genus Moina was found in a Pasveer sewage treatment plant at Glensiide, Wellington; it is described and illustrated. A survey of the literature shows that this is probably the first published record of the genus in New Zealand (M. lemnae, previously recorded, has since been tentatively referred to the genus Pseudomoina); sewage ponds in India and South Africa have yielded M. dubia.     

An Ocean CAL-VAL Site at Kavaratti in Lakshadweep for Vicarious Calibration of OCM-2 and Validation of Geophysical Products—Development and Operationalization

A pair of buoys (system), MET and OPTICAL, consisting of fully automated hyperspectral radiometers, fluorometer, and meteorological sensors, has been realized and deployed in deep ocean case-I site at Kavaratti in Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, for preprogrammed in situ data collection and transmission via INSAT-3C satellite. The buoy of described configuration is capable of measuring in-water optical and biological parameters in an unattended manner for long-term time series with less vertical tilt. A robotic sun/sky photometer installed on Kavaratti Island simultaneously provides information on aerosols over the site. A combination of these parameters available hourly in real time throughout the day from unattended systems in the ocean as well as on island provides an ideal reference site. The paper reports recent collection of bio-optical marine observations over the site and use of the data for OCM-2 vicarious calibration and validation of geophysical products.     

DISCUSSION ON ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS,SITE RESPONSE AND MAGNITUDE DETERMINATION IN SICHUAN

The attenuation characteristics and site response are calculated respectively for each individual tectonic unit in Sichuan (Sichuan Basin,west Sichuan plateau and Panzhihua-Xichang area),using digital waveform data recorded by regional seismic networks and relevant seismic phase data collected from China Seismograph Network.The frequency dependent Q(f) is obtained by the iterative grid-search technique described by Atkinson and Mereu based on trilinear geometrical spreading model.The source spectra are determined by the model of Brune and the site responses of seismic stations are derived by Moya's method using genetic algorithms.Comparison to conventional M_L estimates shows that the network local magnitude bias is quite significant at low and intermediate magnitudes.The bias at the j^th station for the i^th event is defined as ΔM_ij=M_ij-M_i, where ΔM_ij is the station magnitude and M_i the network-average value.For comparison,we mapped the spatial distribution of biases by digital seismograms recorded from 10535 earthquakes of magnitude 2.5≤M_L≤4.9 that occurred in Sichuan from January 1,2009 to June 30,2015.Based on the above data,the attenuation characteristics,site response and their effects on magnitude determination in Sichuan are analyzed.Our results demonstrate that the associated model for regional quality factor for frequencies can be expressed as Q₁(f)=450.6f^{0.513 4} for Sichuan Basin,Q₂(f)=136.6f^{0.581 3} for west Sichuan Plateau and Q₃(f)=101.9f^{0.666 3} for Panzhihua-Xichang area.Site response results indicate that different stations show different amplifications.Maps of biases appear to be different,but with similar dominant spatial distribution.For stations in Sichuan Basin,their greater magnitudes are functions of low attenuation in structure and amplification effects of both seismic stations and basin effects.For stations in west Sichuan Plateau,the possible causes of these lower magnitudes are severe dependence upon source region due to extreme lateral variations in either structure or path effect attenuation.For stations in Panzhihua-Xichang area,broken medium caused by strong tectonic activity or large earthquakes and heat flow up-welling along active faults may be the main reasons of low magnitude values when earthquakes occur in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region.And the greater magnitudes for earthquakes along the Longmen Mountains appear to be well correlated with edge effect of sedimentary basin on strong ground motion.In our study,stations magnitude biases appear to be extremely correlated with tectonic structures and different regions when seismic rays passing through,magnitudes are affected significantly by lateral variations in attenuation characters rather than site responses.     

大井坡航空地球物理试验场典型剖面综合地球物理解释

全面采集并分析我国首个航空地球物理综合实验场(大井坡实验场)的地质和地球物理特征,综合地质、地形、遥感、磁、重力和电磁等资料,在试验场内选取3条典型剖面,以电阻率测深剖面为约束,采用多边形2.5D棱柱体模型组合法建立典型剖面地质-地球物理模型;对剖面进行重、磁联合正反演,并通过剖面与平面相互验证的方式,开展重、磁、电综合解释研究。通过研究,全面掌握了试验场内断裂及岩性构造的分布规律,试验场被中部近EW向和北部呈NEE向展布的两条断裂分割成南部褶皱区、中部断隆区和北部坳陷区3个区域,为试验场综合解释填图提供了依据和约束条件。     

中国二氧化碳地质储存目标靶区筛选技术方法

在沉积盆地三级构造单元CO₂地质储存潜力与适宜性评价得出的“适宜CO₂地质储存”区域的基础上,借鉴国外已有的选址流程和方法,结合我国的地质条件和技术方法水平,提出了深部咸水层CO₂地质储存目标靶区筛选评价指标体系,包括安全性、储存规模、场地地面环境条件和经济适宜性四大评价指标层以及44个具体评价指标,并将层次分析法和多因子逐层叠加法等评价方法应用于目标靶区筛选。通过鄂尔多斯盆地和河套盆地3处典型目标靶区适宜性评价的实例,证明了该评价指标体系在目标靶区筛选过程中具有较好的可操作性和推广应用价值。     

加卸载响应比孕震积分在新疆地震预测中的综合应用研究

本文首先利用加卸载响应比孕震积分, 对2001年以来新疆境内南天山西段和喀什—乌恰交汇区发生的4次M_S≥6.0地震, 进行了震例检验。 结果显示, 孕震初期孕震积分在背景值附近波动, 变化平缓。 随着孕震程度的加剧, 孕震积分不断增加至峰值点, 快速回落过程中或恢复后发震。 我们还将加卸载响应比孕震积分初步应用到南天山西段的部分定点形变资料中, 对比分析了哈拉峻台、 乌恰台钻孔倾斜以及乌什水管仪、 伸缩仪和体应变趋势日均值与以台站为中心, 250 km为半径的加卸载响应比孕震积分时序图。 结果表明, ① 哈拉峻台和乌恰台区域内构造应力场应力处于不断加载的过程, 引起了定点形变资料速率的大幅度、 不稳定变化; ② 当构造应力场上的应力处于缓慢不断加载的过程时, 会引起定点形变测项速率方向发生改变, 表现形式为趋势异常; ③ 目前, 南天山西段构造应力场应力水平处于不断加载的过程。     

江宁台地电场地地铁干扰试验结果分析

城市地铁建设对周围电磁观测造成了很大的影响,地电阻率场地需要避让地铁的距离为25公里以上,给存在地铁干扰的场地搬迁选址造成了很大的困扰。本文针对南京地铁的影响进行了试验,分析试验结果对江宁台地电场地原址重建提出了新的布极方案,该方案采用缩短供电极距来抑制地铁干扰,采用深埋电极来保证探测深度和抑制表层影响。为受地铁影响而不采取避让措施下地电场地的选择提供了新的思路。