Radially convergent groundwater flow in sloping terrain

Abstract

The groundwater flow equation governing the elevation (h) of the steady-state phreatic surface in a sloping aquifer fed by constant recharge over a bi-circular sector is rhh′ ? r ² Bh′ + Pr ² ? PR ² = 0, where r is the radial coordinate, P is a constant involving recharge and aquifer properties, and B is the slope of the aquifer—bedrock boundary. The derived flow equation describes radially convergent flow through a sloping aquifer that discharges to a water body of fixed head. One important simplification is that in which the width of the bi-circular sector is constant, and the draining land becomes a rectangular aquifer. The bi-circular sector and rectangular-strip groundwater flow problems are solved in terms of implicit equations. The solutions for the steady-state phreatic surfaces depend on the ratio of recharge to hydraulic conductivity, the slope of the aquifer-bedrock, and the downstream constant-head boundary. Computational examples illustrate the application of the solutions.     

山东张宝庄铁矿水文地质特征研究

张宝庄铁矿矿床位于当地侵蚀基准面以下,呈似层状,倾角多在45°以上,埋深20～888m。对矿区3个主要含水层及其之间的水力联系进行分析,这3个含水层分别为第四纪全新世冲洪积孔隙水含水层、基岩风化裂隙水含水层和泰山岩群变质岩构造裂隙水含水层,各含水层之间水力联系较弱。另外还研究了矿床充水因素、预测矿床正常涌水量和最大涌水量,在此基础上划分该矿区水文地质条件为中等类型。     

季节性冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料处理探讨

本文针对地中蒸渗计在冻结-冻融期存在的问题,利用实验站冻土及土壤水分势能资料,探索了冻土层的发育及其水分运移规律,通过对亚砂土不同埋深及不同年度的地中蒸渗计资料处理,得出冻结期和冻融期地中蒸渗计资料的处理方法及其埋深临界值。这对准确利用冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料具有重要的指导意义。     

基于数值模拟探讨提高咸水层CO2 封存注入率的途径

咸水层CO2地质封存是减少大气中CO2排放量的有效途径。CO2注入率是衡量咸水层中CO2注入能力的有效因素,因此,研究注入速率的变化规律及提高的措施是很有工程价值的。在很多区域,地层的低渗透性限制了CO2的注入率。针对鄂尔多斯盆地的水文地质条件,通过数值模拟,探讨在低渗透性咸水层中提高CO2注入率的途径,包括改变储层中的盐度、采用水平井注入、增加注入井段的长度以及采取水力压裂等工程措施。其中改变储层中的盐度可通过在注入CO2前向储层中注入一定量的水来实现。模拟结果表明,这些方式可以有效地提高CO2注入率,其中水平井改造方式和水力压裂工程措施效果显著,盐度改造措施在地层初始含盐度较高时,会有更好的效果。研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盆地和类似地区的咸水层CO2地质封存项目提供参考。     

Determination of arsenic concentration and distribution in the Floridan Aquifer System

Here we report on the different sampling strategies for almost seven years of sampling rocks/sediments for the determination of As within the Intermediate Aquifer System (IAS) and upper Floridan Aquifer System (FAS), a very large and productive limestone aquifer spanning from Georgia into Florida. In the FAS, As contamination has become a recurring problem during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR), particularly in central and south Florida.To investigate these phenomena, samples from solid drill cores and rock cuttings were collected from the Hawthorn Group, Suwannee Limestone, Ocala Limestone and Avon Park Formation. Samples were taken along drill cores and rock cuttings (referred to as ‘interval’ samples) or from particular drill core sections and rock cuttings (referred to as ‘targeted’ samples) likely to contain elevated concentrations of As as indicated by the presence of pyrite, hydrous ferric oxide, organic matter, clay minerals, fracture surfaces, and high permeable (moldic) zones.Arsenic was present in all of the stratigraphic units at low concentrations, close to the global average for As in limestone of 2.6 mg/kg. The highest As concentration was 69 mg/kg. In all units, however, the average bulk As concentration in the targeted samples was substantially higher than that in the interval samples. Based on direct spot measurements by electron microprobe and indirect calculations, pyrite was identified as the main source of As in the FAS. Concentrations in pyrite ranged from less than 100 mg/kg to more than 11,000 mg/kg. Because pyrite is heterogeneously distributed, both vertically and horizontally in the sampled stratigraphic units, the same was observed for the distribution of As. However, As concentrations generally decreased with depth, i.e., highest As values in the Hawthorn Group and lowest As values in the Ocala Limestone and Avon Park Formation. Compared to pyrite, other trace minerals contained much less As.The average As concentrations of the two types of sample media (solid cores and rock cuttings) were quite similar. These results indicate that if simply the average bulk rock As concentration of a geologic unit is the desired outcome of an investigation, either interval or targeted sampling of rock cuttings, seems to be sufficient. This is particularly important when time and money are a factor. This approach could work equally well for any other trace element. Structural sedimentary information, such as fractures, etc., is likely lost, however, when sampling rock cuttings. Thus, if this information is required, solid core samples need to be collected by hollow core diamond drilling.     

新生界松散含水层抽水试验止水方法的研究——以祁东煤矿南部采区水文地质探查工程为例

两淮煤田绝大部分是被厚数百米的新生界松散层掩盖,其中含有若干个含水层,为掌握这些含水层的富水性和水文地质特征,需要对含水层进行抽水试验.新生界松散含水层抽水试验止水方法有多种,通过对祁东煤矿南部采区水文地质探查工程SQ9孔新生界底部“四含”抽水试验止水方法的研究,提出了一种简便而有效的止水方法.     

花都地区岩溶发育规律及影响和控制因素调查研究

本文介绍了区内主要岩溶含水层分布规律、富水性等情况,并分别从岩性、地貌、构造、埋深、地下水活动及古水文网发育状况等方面,分析了其对岩溶发育的影响。     

淮南市朱集东矿井新生界松散层地下水开采保证程度评价

利用淮南市朱集东矿井新生界松散层供水水文地质勘探成果和抽水试验资料,查明了区内新生界松散层供水含水层的供水水文地质条件,认为第一含水层埋藏浅,易受污染,水量随季节变化大,不宜作为生活饮用水供水水源,第三含水层水质较差,亦不作为生活饮用水供水水源,确定了第二含水层为矿区主要供水层位。采用解析法对第二含水层的水量进行了计算,并设计了布井方案,计算了井群水量;水位预报结果表明,开采50a后,3#、4#井中的水位最大降深为35.229m,小于其顶板埋深,说明拟建井群布置是合适的。评价结果为矿井供水设计提供了依据。     

浅议测井曲线在松树头煤矿含水层解释中的应用

以松树头煤矿水文地质勘查为例,介绍了测井曲线在含水层解释中的应用。实例表明,自然伽马、自然电位和视电阻率三种曲线对含水层具有明显的异常反应,在含水层中,前二种曲线表现为负异常,后者表现为正异常;对于隔水层,前二种曲线则表现为正异常,而视电阻率表现为负异常。根据测井解释成果与钻孔消耗量、岩心及抽水试验资料相互印证,解释松树头煤矿ZK5-2钻孔368.30～406.42m段,从上到下依次为含水层、隔水层、含水层、隔水层四段。另外,从实例应用的三种曲线可知,视电阻率曲线对于岩石粒度及含水层具有明显的响应特征,极差高达117Ω.m。     

The hydraulic conductivity field and groundwater flow in the unconfined aquifer system of the Keta Strip,Ghana

This study investigates the hydraulic conductivity field and the groundwater flow pattern as predicted by a calibrated steady state groundwater flow model for the Keta Strip, southeastern Ghana. The hydraulic conductivity field is an important parameter in evaluating aquifer properties in space, and in general basin-wide groundwater resources evaluation and management. This study finds that the general hydraulic conductivity of the unconsolidated unconfined aquifer system of the Keta Strip ranges between 2 m/d and 20 m/d, with an average of 15 m/d. The spatial variation in horizontal hydraulic conductivity appears to take the trend in the variations in the nature of the material in space. Calibrated groundwater recharge suggests that 6.9–34% of annual precipitation recharges the shallow aquifer system. This amount of recharge is significant and suggests high fortunes in terms of groundwater resources development for agriculture and industrial activities in the area. A spatial distribution of groundwater recharge from precipitation is presented in this study. The spatial pattern appears to take the form of the distribution in horizontal hydraulic conductivity, and suggests that the vertical hydraulic conductivity takes the same pattern of spatial variation as the horizontal hydraulic conductivity. This is consistent with observations in other areas. The resulting groundwater flow is dominated by local flow systems as the unconfined system is quite shallow. A general northeast – southwest flow pattern has been observed in the study area.