城镇化与生态环境耦合的动态模拟——研究进展与展望

Urbanization and eco-environment coupling is a research hotspot.Dynamic simulation of urbanization and eco-environment coupling needs to be improved because the processes of coupling are complex and statistical methods are limited.Systems science and cross-scale coupling allow us to define the coupled urbanization and eco-environment system as an open complex giant system with multiple feedback loops.We review the current state of dynamic simulation of urbanization and eco-environment coupling and find that:(1)The use of dynamic simulation is an increasing trend,the relevant theory is being developed,and modeling processes are being improved;(2)Dynamic simulation technology has become diversified,refined,intelligent and integrated;(3)Simulation is mainly performed for three aspects of the coupling,multiple regions and multiple elements,local coupling and telecoupling,and regional synergy.However,we also found some shortcomings:(1)Basic theories are inadequately developed and insufficiently integrated;(2)The methods of unifying systems and sharing data are behind the times;(3)Coupling relations and the dynamic characteristics of the main driving elements are not fully understood or completely identified.Additionally,simulation of telecoupling does not quantify parameters and is not systemically unified,and therefore cannot be used to represent spatial synergy.In the future,we must promote communication between research networks,technology integration and data sharing to identify the processes governing change in coupled relations and in the main driving elements in urban agglomerations.Finally,we must build decision support systems to plan and ensure regional sustainable urbanization.     

遥感水深反演海图修测应用研究

卫星遥感技术可以应用于浅海水下目标探测,是特殊区域碍航物探测的有效手段。结合海岛礁的特殊地理环境和测绘需求,采用高分辨率卫星影像进行浅水深反演试验,提出的高分辨率预处理方法实用、有效;并与海图数据结合,进行水深标定和海图修测应用分析。研究结果表明,针对南海岛礁,应用高分辨率卫星影像可以获取岛礁分布和轮廓、概略等深线信息、潜在航道以及水下障碍物信息等,能达到修测海图的目的。     

碳酸盐矿物激光原位U-Pb定年基本原理、分析方法与地学应用

碳酸盐矿物作为地壳中沉积作用与流体活动的直接产物,记录了沉积、热事件的全过程,是进行同位素年代学研究的理想矿物。碳酸盐矿物传统的U系列定年法、同位素稀释法定年体系成功率低,耗时长,导致定年难度大,限制了碳酸盐矿物地质年代学的发展。近年来,碳酸盐矿物激光原位U-Pb定年技术取得重要进展,使低U碳酸盐矿物地质年代的精确测定成为了可能。碳酸盐矿物LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学具有空间分辨率高、耗时短等显著优势,被广泛应用于地学研究中。文章归纳总结了碳酸盐矿物同位素定年体系的基本原理及分析方法,回顾了近5年碳酸盐矿物LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学应用的研究进展,重点论述该方法在确定脆性变形时代、岩石破裂以及盆地流体流动时限、碳酸盐地层的成岩时代和成矿热液活动时限4个方面的应用,并梳理了该方法尝试解决的科学问题和取得的新认识。碳酸盐矿物定年方法的发展和应用,增强了人们对地壳变形和演化的理解,解决了部分迄今为止难以确定的地质体历史演化问题,为未来地质年代学的研究提供了新思路,在地球科学研究中具有重要潜力。     

基于Android的移动公交辅助导航系统设计与实现

基于Android移动开发平台,设计一款公交辅助导航软件系统。基于Android操作系统,结合SQLite数据库和百度地图应用程序编程接口,通过全球定位系统实时定位用户当前位置,完成公交线路查询、公交站点查询、出行线路规划等功能。同时,包括离线查询和在线查询,能满足用户在不同情况下完成公交信息查询和路线规划。创新性地提出了效率较高的"基于线路与站点的直达车搜索算法"、"基于直达车线路和站点的换乘车搜索算法"。实验结果表明,系统能运行于基于Android系统的移动设备,为用户出行带来方便。     

Incorporating vegetation into visual exposure modelling in urban environments

Visual exposure modelling establishes the extent to which a nominated feature may be seen from a specified location. The advent of high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-sourced elevation models has enabled visual exposure modelling to be applied in urban regions, for example, to calculate the field of view occupied by a landmark building when observed from a nearby street. Currently, visual exposure models access a single surface elevation model to establish the lines of sight (LoSs) between the observer and the landmark feature. This is a cause for concern in vegetated areas where trees are represented as solid protrusions in the surface model totally blocking the LoSs. Additionally, the observer's elevation, as read from the surface model, would be incorrectly set to the tree top height in those regions. The research presented here overcomes these issues by introducing a new visual exposure model, which accesses a bare earth terrain model, to establish the observer's true elevation even when passing through vegetated regions, a surface model for the city profile and an additional vegetation map. Where there is a difference between terrain and surface elevations, the vegetation map is consulted. In vegetated areas the LoS is permitted to continue its journey, either passing under the canopy with clear views or partially through it depending on foliage density, otherwise the LoS is terminated. This approach enables landmark visual exposure to be modelled more realistically, with consideration given to urban trees. The model's improvements are demonstrated through a number of real-world trials and compared to current visual exposure methods.     

一种高效的三维GIS数据库引擎设计与实现

针对大规模三维城市建模与数据库协同应用,设计实现了一种高效的三维GIS数据库引擎,支持基于Oracle 11g的多模式数据库管理;提出了顾及语义的三维空间数据库模型,为地上下室内外三维空间数据的一体化组织管理奠定了基础。介绍了该引擎涉及的多层次三维空间索引、多级缓存、多线程调度以及异步通信传输等关键技术,并用武汉市三维城市模型数据进行了试验分析,验证了该引擎的有效性和可靠性。     

Geotechnical and environmental considerations in highway layouts: an integrated GIS assessment approach

Highway route layout design typically relies on aerial photographs, topographic maps and geologic maps. In this paper, a GIS platform, which incorporates the main digital data needed for evaluating route layouts, is used in a computer-based approach for highway layout assessment. Possible layouts are evaluated based on two sets of criteria. First, traditional evaluation criteria focussing on geometric design factors and impact on man-made features are considered. Next, the developed assessment framework builds on the GIS platform to generate specific environmental and geotechnical criteria for route layout evaluation. The developed approach integrates highway design, slope stability, and traffic noise modeling packages and specifically written codes with the GIS packages ARC/INFO and ArcView. A prototypical application of the assessment framework for a proposed highway south of the city of Beirut, Lebanon is presented. The results demonstrate the potential of the developed approach in incorporating new evaluation criteria at the route layout design stage and in automating the route layout assessment procedure.     

锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)年代学:进展与应用

裂变径迹技术是解决各种与时间-温度相关的地质问题的一种低温年代学手段.与磷灰石相比,锆石裂变径迹具有较高的封闭温度和退火区间,有其特定的地质意义和应用.自20世纪90年代以来,开展了大量锆石裂变径迹退火的研究,包括退火特性、径迹测量、退火模型,以及来自露头和钻孔样品的退火研究.首先介绍了锆石裂变径迹的分析程序、测量标准...     

基于MapInfo的COM回调机制开发GIS应用

Microsoft.NET是微软公司推出的新平台,具有强大的全方位技术兼容性。另外,目前基于微软平台的软件通信几乎都是COM实现的,而MapInfo软件是应用广泛的主流GIS软件之一。本文主要结合COM和MapInfo实现GIS的应用开发,即利用.NET的COM组件封装技术实现MapInfo相关接口的打包封装,之后利用.NET的COM回调机制——实现更具简便性与灵活性的GIS应用。本文详细探讨了该机制在实现MapInfo二次开发中的具体思路及关键技术点,取得了较为满意的应用效果。     

变形监测应用技术

论述变形监测技术的意义、内容、精度与各种应用,及其在地质灾害预防中的作用。