Inclined load capacity of suction caissons

A simplified method of analysis for estimating lateral load capacity of suction caisson anchors based on an upper bound plasticity formulation is presented. The simplification restricts the analysis to caissons in uniform and linearly varying undrained strength profiles; nevertheless, its computational efficiency permits quick evaluation of a number of parameters affecting load capacity. The validity and limitations of the simplified formulation are demonstrated through comparisons to more rigorous finite element solutions. A series of sensitivity studies demonstrate the effects of various soil conditions and loading parameters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis Procedure of the Cyclic Bearing Capacity for Suction Anchors in Soft Clays

This article presents a procedure to calculate the bearing capacity of suction anchors subjected to inclined average and cyclic loads at the optimal load attachment point using the undrained cyclic shear strength of soft clays based on the failure model of anchors proposed by Andersen et al. The constant average shear stress of each failure zone around an anchor is assumed and determined based on the static equilibrium condition for the procedure. The cyclic shear strength of each failure zone is determined based on the average shear stress. The cyclic bearing capacity is finally determined by limiting equilibrium analyses. Thirty-six model tests of suction anchors subjected to inclined average and cyclic loads were conducted, which include vertical and lateral failure modes. Model test results were predicted using the procedure to verify its feasibility. The average relative error between predicted and test results is 1.7%, which shows that the procedure can be used to calculate the cyclic bearing capacity of anchors with optimal loading. Test results also showed that the anchor was still in vertical failure mode under combined average and cyclic loads if an anchor was in vertical failure mode under static loads. The anchor failure would depend on the vertical resistance degradation under cyclic loads if an anchor was in lateral failure mode under static loads. Cyclic bearing capacities associated with the number of load cycles to failure of 1000 were about 75% and 80% of the static bearing capacity for vertical failure anchors and lateral failure anchors, respectively.     

软黏土中吸力锚循环失稳过程的模型试验

开展了张紧式吸力锚在侧壁最优系泊点处遭受平均荷载和循环荷载共同作用下的模型试验,着重研究了软黏土中吸力锚在等幅及变幅循环荷载下的变形失稳过程。研究发现,循环累积位移过大是锚发生破坏的主要原因。对于等幅循环加载试验,由于竖向附加荷重的施加,锚在水平向的循环累积位移要明显大于竖向,表现为明显的水平破坏模式。在特定的平均荷载水平下,循环荷载水平越高,锚的累积位移发展得越快,达到破坏所需的循环次数就越少。循环位移随循环次数的增长变化不明显,但随循环荷载水平的增大而增大。对于变幅循环加载试验,系泊点各方向的循环累积位移与循环位移均与循环荷载水平成正比。不同的循环加载时程下,锚的竖向累积位移均比水平累积位移大,表现为偏向于竖向破坏的中间破坏模式。锚前期的循环加载历史对后续加载产生的累积变形有明显影响。与静力加载相比,循环加载时锚的运动方向角有所增大,这可能是由于锚底孔压的累积要大于锚侧孔压的累积,从有效应力的角度分析,锚底有效应力的减少相对锚侧明显,进而使得锚竖向承载力减小得更多,导致锚的竖向运动更明显。     

Pullout resistance of single vertical shallow helical and plate anchors in sand

This paper presents analytical models to predict the pullout capacity and the load–displacement relationship for shallow single vertical helical and plate anchors in sand. The models were developed based on the failure mechanism deduced from laboratory testing and utilize the limit equilibrium technique. Expression was given to estimate the critical depth for a given anchor/soil conditions, which separates deep from shallow anchors. Furthermore, the radius of influence of a individual anchor on the ground surface is established, and accordingly, the spacing between anchors can be determined to avoid anchors interactions between anchors. The proposed theory compared well with the theories and the experimental data available in the literature.

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Résumé Cet article présente un model analytique pour prédire la résistance à l’arrachement et la relation charge-diplacement pour les ancrages à vis et plats verticaux superficiels ancrés dans le sable. Le model est basé sur le mécanisme de rupture déduit des essais de laboratoire et utilise la méthode d’analyse à l’équilibre limite. En outre, une expression a été proposé pour éstimer la profondeur critique pour un ancrage donné permettant d’identifier l’ancrage comme superficiel ou profond. Le rayon d’influence d’un ancrage à la surface du sable autour de l’ancrage a été établi, et par conséquent, l’espacement entre ancrages peut être déterminer pour éviter toute interaction. La théorie proposée montre une bonne concordance avec des résultats theoriques et expérimentaux rapports dans la literature.

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强降雨条件下框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构整体稳定性影响参数分析

为完善框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构稳定性研究,针对该结构的稳定性分析和设计均未考虑降雨入渗影响的现状,基于GeoStudio软件,分析了黄土地区强降雨条件下的框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构的整体稳定性影响参数,在分析中考虑了土体含水率变化对摩擦型灌浆锚杆极限抗拔承载力的影响。分析结果表明:降雨持时、降雨强度和地下水位对框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构的整体稳定性有明显的影响; 土体饱和渗透系数的影响十分显著; 渗透各向异性的影响可以忽略; 降雨条件下框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构的安全系数变化存在滞后效应:随着降雨持时和土体饱和渗透系数增大,滞后效应逐渐减弱; 降雨强度越大、初始地下水位越高,滞后效应越明显。本文的研究成果能为非饱和黄土地区框架预应力锚杆柔性支护结构考虑降雨影响的设计和施工提供指导。     

Prediction of the initial normal stress in piles and anchors constructed using expansive cements

Uses for expansive cements and additives have extended well beyond off‐setting the shrinkage characteristics of grout and concrete to include enhancement of rock anchor and pile performance, providing an alternative form of connection for tubular members in off‐shore structures and as an excavation tool in open‐pit mines. In each case, the design rules governing the quantity of expansive additive to be used are based on guesswork or empiricism. This paper presents analytical solutions for estimating the degree of expansion and the level of normal stress developed for a range of different boundary conditions and expansive additive contents. The expansion process is modelled as a thermal expansion and is governed by one parameter that depends on the type of expansive additive and its dosage. Simple laboratory procedures for determining this property are outlined. Predictions from the analytical solutions are compared with laboratory experiments. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

航道区碎石层对霍尔锚落锚条件下海底管道防护效果研究

航道中船舶抛锚作业使海底管道可能受意外撞击,造成管道局部损伤甚至失效,进而对油气生产安全和生态环境等造成重大危害。采用碎石层防护是航道区等海域海底管道最常用的防护手段。首先基于大比尺落锚模型试验,观测了霍尔锚下落贯入碎石的3个阶段及其贯入过程中管道的应力应变状态。通过建立光滑粒子流体动力学法（SPH）和有限元法（FEM）耦合的数值模型,针对实际不同吨位通航船舶常用的霍尔锚,研究了其贯入碎石层深度及埋设管道受力和凹陷变形规律。最后分析了不同锚质量、碎石层形状和厚度等因素下埋设管道的响应规律。结果表明：采用暗埋式碎石防护层有利于撞击能量吸收,能更好地防护海底管道受损;且采用3 m以上碎石防护层能有效保护海底管道抵抗各类实际常见霍尔锚的撞击损伤。     

深基坑土钉和预应力锚杆复合支护方式的探讨

土钉与预应力锚杆的复合支护方式是当前基坑工程中经常采用的支护方式。结合工程实例,利用有限元软件PLAXIS,合理选择本构模型,对土钉和预应力锚杆复合支护方式和土钉墙两种支护方式的基坑边坡稳定系数和边坡变形进行了分析。分析结果表明,在土钉和预应力锚杆的复合支护方式中,预应力锚杆的位置比较重要,通常锚杆的位置越靠近坡顶,则锚杆发挥的作用越大,效果越理想;土钉和预应力锚杆的复合支护方式与土钉支护相比,位移有所减小,但合理选择锚杆的数量和预应力值对最终效果有一定影响;基坑边坡的局部放坡有利于控制基坑坑口的最大水平位移。     

软土中浅埋法向承力锚位移破坏标准模型试验

为确定浅埋软黏土中法向承力锚的位移破坏标准,利用实验室自行开发的电动伺服加载控制装置,对埋置在饱和软黏土中深度为3倍锚板宽度、系缆力角度为30°的法向承力锚模型进行了荷载和位移控制的静力加载试验。依据试验结果,以极限承载力与锚板宽度为参考,对锚板法向荷载与位移进行归一化处理,通过归一化曲线确定了法向承力锚的位移破坏标准,即破坏位移约为0.38倍锚板宽度。另外,依据锚板的尺寸、埋深及试验土体的强度条件,利用经验公式对锚的极限承载力进行了计算。结果表明,以该位移破坏标准确定的极限承载力与经验公式计算结果基本一致,两者相差均不超过10%,初步验证了该位移破坏标准的合理性。     

某基坑复合土钉墙土钉内力超限分析

土钉与预应力锚杆的联合支护在基坑工程中运用广泛,近年来的研究也取得很大进展,但对其受力情况及作用机理仍未完全认识,在实际工程中也有一些失败的教训。本文以内蒙古地区某产品煤槽仓工程为例,针对监测中土钉内力超预警值的情况,从共同作用机理及施工过程控制等方面对数据进行了分析。分析结果表明,未及时喷射混凝土面板致使土体由于缺乏表面约束产生塑性变形是造成土钉内力超限的主要原因,而在土体表面没有混凝土面板约束的情形下开挖过深并施加大的施工扰动更使得被监测的土钉内力值进一步加大。由此可见混凝土面板对于提高被开挖土体稳定性的作用十分明显,此外分析结果还表明了土体和支护结构之间存在时间及空间效应,在施工中应避免超挖和减少施工扰动。