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41.
选用1951-2008年乌鲁木齐市气象站逐月最高、最低及平均气温资料,用标准正态检验(SNHT)方法对逐月气温资料序列进行均一化检验,并选用差值法对因迁站引起的断点资料进行订正,检验结果显示,月气温序列断点所在的年份与年序列中检验出的断点基本相对应,即气温资料均在迁站距离较远的1975年产生了断点;各月的检验结果存在一定的差异,5-9月气温较高的月份资料受迁站的影响较大,而且产生了断点,并通过了0.05的显著性水平。用不同的权重比例对月序列进行订正,并选择累积距平方法对5-9月气温序列订正前后的变化趋势作了比较分析,发现订正前后趋势确有较显著的变化。 相似文献
42.
43.
A Study on Parameterization of Surface Albedo over
Grassland Surface in the Northern Tibetan Plateau 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The relationship of surface albedo with the solar altitude angle and soil moisture is
analyzed based on two-year (January 2002 to December 2003) observational data from the AWS
(Automatic Weather Station) at MS3478 in the northern Tibetan Plateau during the experimental
period of CEOP/CAMP-Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project
on the Tibetan Plateau). As a double-variable (solar altitude angle and soil moisture) function,
surface albedo varies inconspicuously with any single factor. By using the method of approximately
separating the double-variable function into two, one-factor functions (product and addition),
the relationship of albedo with these two factors presents much better. The product and additional
empirical formulae of albedo are then preliminarily fitted based on long-term experimental data.
By comparison with observed values, it is found that the parameterization formulae fitted by using
observational data are mostly reliable and their correlation coefficients are both over 0.6. The
empirical formulae of albedo though, for the northern Tibetan Plateau, need to be tested by much
more representative observational data with the help of numerical models and the retrieval of
remote sensing data. It is practical until it is changed into effective parameterization formulae
representing a grid scale in models. 相似文献
44.
In tropical forests, the penetration ability of airborne laser scanning (ALS) may be limited because of highly dense vegetation cover. However, in the typical planning of ALS surveys, the ability of laser pulses to penetrate forests is not considered. Nine round-trip flight lines covering the area of a tropical forest on the northeast side of the Tsengwen Reservoir in Taiwan were designed in this study. Five flight lines flew at altitudes of 1.525, 1.830, 2.135, 2.440, and 2.745 km, and the other four had pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) of 100, 150, 200, and 250 kHz. The laser penetration index (LPI) is a quantitative index measuring the penetration ability of the ALS and consists of the ratio of the number of laser pulses reaching the forest floor to the total number of laser pulses. The LPI was used to represent the laser penetration rate and investigate the influence of flying altitude and PRF on the LPI. The results showed that as the flying altitude decreased by 1 km, the average LPI increased by 10%, and as the PRF decreased by 50 kHz, the average LPI increased by 2%. The effect of the LPI on digital elevation models (DEMs) was confirmed by visual images obtained by DEMs at five altitudes. The DEM obtained at an altitude of 2.745 km was coarsely textured, whereas that obtained at an altitude of 1.525 km was finely textured. The in-situ height data obtained from the electronic Global Navigation Satellite System (eGNSS) were compared with the data of the ALS-generated DEMs. The results indicated that when the LPI ≥60%, the height difference between the in situ data and DEM data was not prominent. However, when the LPI <60%, the ALS-derived DEM could be higher or lower than the in-situ height; the largest difference between the two was 1.7 m. The LPI of a forest should be considered for ALS survey planning, especially when consistent DEM precision for large tropical forest areas is paramount. 相似文献
45.
青藏高原海拔要素对温度、降水和气候型分布格局的影响 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
青藏高原平均海拔4 000~5 000 m,由于特殊的地理条件,生态环境较为脆弱,对气候变化非常敏感,并对周围乃至全球的气候产生重要影响。使用1961-2010年青藏高原温度、降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据,以及由GTOPO30数据(分辨率为0.05°×0.05°)经过重采样生成的陆地0.5°×0.5°的数字高程模型DEM,分析了青藏高原温度、降水受海拔要素的影响,并通过青藏高原区域79个气象站的数据进行验证,进而使用柯本气候分类和中国自然地理区划两种方法对青藏高原气候进行划分,探讨青藏高原各分区海拔要素对温度、降水的影响差异以及出现差异的原因。研究表明:青藏高原及其各分区的气温垂直递减率不同,是由于地形起伏不同造成的青藏高原热源效用不同;降水与海拔的关系不同,是由于各区域受控于不同的气候系统,造成干湿度的不同,因而最大降水高度带不同。 相似文献
46.
Senyao Wu Xueliang Zhang Jinkang Du Xiaobing Zhou Ye Tuo Runjie Li Zheng Duan 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1686-1697
Seasonal snow cover in mountainous regions will affect local climate and hydrology. In this study, we assessed the role of altitude in determining the relative importance of temperature and precipitation in snow cover variability in the Central Tianshan Mountains. The results show that: (a) in the study area, temperature has a greater influence on snow cover than precipitation during most of the time period studied and in most altitudes. (b) In the high elevation area, there is a threshold altitude of 3,900 ± 400 m, below which temperature is negatively correlated whereas precipitation is positively correlated to snow cover, and above which the situation is the opposite. Besides, this threshold altitude decreases from snow accumulated period to snow stable period and then increases from snowmelt period to snow‐free period. (c) Below 2,000 m, there is another threshold altitude of 1,400 ± 100 m during the snow stable period, below (above) which precipitation (temperature) is the main driver of snow cover. 相似文献
47.
以察布查尔县1 191~2 656 m不同海拔草原土壤为研究对象,研究有机质(外加热法,10.18~74.3 3 mg·kg-1)、全氮(自动凯氏定氮仪,0.17~2.6 g·kg-1)、碱解氮(扩散法,14.9 7~198.72mg·kg-1)、磷元素(钼锑抗比色法,全磷:0.12~0.76 g·kg-1、速效磷:20.7 4~153.64 mg·kg-1),钾元素(火焰光度计法,全钾:9.81~18.64 g·kg-1、速效钾:659.05~1 001.45 mg·kg-1)含量垂直分布特征。结果表明碳、氮、磷、钾均随土层深度的增加而降低;除钾元素外碳、氮、磷随海拔高度的增加而上升;相关性分析结果显示,0~20 cm土层中,海拔高度与碱解氮呈正极显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.838**),与土壤有机、全氮呈正显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.831*、R=0.751*);有机质与碱解氮呈正极显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.988**),与全磷呈正显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.726*),20~40 cm土层中,海拔高度与有机质、碱解氮、全氮、全磷呈正相关,与速效磷、速效钾、全钾呈负相关;有机质与碱解氮、全氮成正极显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.867**、R=0.970**),碱解氮与全氮呈正极显著相关(p < 0.05,R=0.914**),40~60 cm土层中,海拔高度与有机质、碱解氮、全磷呈正相关,与速效磷、全磷、速效钾、全钾呈负相关;有机质与碱解氮、全氮呈正极显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.884**、R=0.966**),与速效磷、全钾呈正相关,与全磷、速效钾呈负相关;碱解氮与全氮呈正极显著性相关(p < 0.05,R=0.952**)。 相似文献
48.
XING Yuanyuan WANG Yongdong YOU Yuan SONG Qin HARE Malicha Loje JORRO Zinabu Bora JIRMA Guyo Huka 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(3):281-289
Bush encroachment is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions, and it has a serious impact on livestock production, especially in Africa where livestock is a primary source for the livelihoods of many people. In this study, methods of supervised classification and decision tree classification, and indexes of a land use change significance index (Ci) and a single land use dynamic degree, were applied to remote sensing imagery of Ethiopia for 1986-2016. The results show the dynamic characteristics of grassland bush encroachment in low altitude areas (pastures <1500 m above sea level) of Ethiopia in the 30 year period studied. The results revealed several interesting features of this phenomenon. (1) The area of bush encroachment showed an increasing trend, with a maximum of 3.74×103 km2 in 2003, which represented 68.97% of the total area, and declined slightly from 2003~2016. (2) Among classification types, the area of severe shrub grassland was the largest, accounting for 28.36-49.10% of the total area, while the area of moderate bush encroachment accounted for 9.77-16.68%, and slight bush encroachment accounted for 5.52-7.57%. (3) The expansion rate of shrubby grassland was 0.74% for the 30 year period, while the average annual expansion rate was 2.16% for the 8 years from 1995-2003. (4) Forest land and grassland were the two main land use types of shrub grassland transformation in low altitude areas and bush encroachment changed large amounts of forest land into grassland due to shrub grassland management. The results of this study provide basic data for revealing the impacts of development processes on subsequent bush encroachment and can inform better management for the sustainable development of grasslands in low altitude systems. 相似文献
49.
50.
吴烨 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,11(4):48-53
本文通过2011-2013年中天山高寒无人区自建的自动气象站获取的稀缺气象资料,客观地揭示了观测区域的气象条件,给出部分气象特征参数变化特征,为中天山高山达坂区气象观测研究工作奠定一定基础,并得出如下结果:(1)迎风坡盛行风向SE、N,SE占35%,N占25%,N向风力集中4级以下,SE明显偏大,3级风比重15%,4级风比重7%,5级风比重4%;6级风比重1%,6级以上的风力几乎为零。背风坡主导风向角度范围在247.5°-337.5°,风力基本在6级以下,6级及以上风力出现概率不足1%。3-5级风占的比重较大。(2)日平均气温≤-10℃日数所占观测总日数的百分比,其值分别为:0.0%(恰西)、44.5%(江不肯达坂)、9.8%(江巴口子)、15.1%(铁力买提达坂)。恰西、江不肯达坂、江巴口子、铁力买提达坂4站日平均相对湿度≥80%的频率分别为5.9%、18.4%、16.1%和22.6%。(3)换算得出恰西、江不肯达坂、江巴口子、铁力买提达坂观测期间10m高度最大瞬时风速与小时平均风速分别为33.8/27.9m/s、41.0/27.3 m/s、25.7/17.7m/s、34.0/17.2 m/s。 相似文献