利用MODIS数据研究天山北麓Kriging雪深插值

以天山北麓为研究区,通过MOD10A2获得月最大雪盖,在无雪区构建虚拟气象站,提高了样本点数量和空间均匀性。运用普通Kriging和协Kriging法对12月至2月最大雪深进行了空间插值,利用交叉检验法对插值精度进行了评估。     

进洞高程对黄土隧道洞口衬砌和仰坡动力响应的影响

针对黄土边坡与隧道洞口段衬砌的相互作用问题,运用数值模拟的方法分析了以不同进洞高程进洞时黄土隧道洞口段衬砌的动力响应特征和洞口仰坡的动力稳定性。结果表明:进洞高程越大,洞口段隧道衬砌的位移响应与内力响应越大;随着进洞高程的增大,坡面位移放大系数在减小,不同进洞高程进洞时坡面位移放大系数均呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势。在0.2~0.6H时变化最为剧烈,0.4H左右时位移放大系数达到了最大值;不同进洞高程进洞时坡面中心和水平方向距离隧道结构1.5D处的坡面位移放大系数变化趋势基本一致,其大小关系为:纯边坡位移放大系数 < 有隧道结构中面位移放大系数 < 距隧道1.5D位移放大系数;随着进洞高程的增大,剪应变增量和坡面位移均在减小,坡面的稳定性在增强。该研究可为黄土地区隧道进洞高程的选择提供一定的参考。     

数字城镇的数据更新

本文论述数字城镇的数据更新的必要性 ,提出数据更新的主要类型和采用的技术途径。指出在“数字城镇”建设中应把数据信息维护、运转和更新予以充分重视。最后介绍了在小城镇的空间地理基础数据更新中 ,北京科源大地遥感技术开发中心的集成低空平台遥感技术 (包括 :轻型飞机、遥控小飞机、热气艇、热气球等 )的重要作用.     

美国的垂直基准转换及启示

针对我国陆海垂直基准不统一的问题,该文提出借鉴美国垂直基准转换的方法,通过介绍美国使用的正高基准、潮汐基准和三维基准等垂直基准的定义和实现情况,详细说明美国垂直基准转换的技术路线、关键技术以及转换的实际精度,总结出对美国垂直基准转换的认识和给我国垂直基准转换的启示。研究结果以期为相关领域提供参考。     

Variations in annual snowline and area of an ice-covered stratovolcano in the Cordillera Ampato,Peru, using remote sensing data (1986–2014)

This research focuses on the recent variations in the annual snowline and the total glaciated area of the Nevado Coropuna in the Cordillera Ampato, Peru. Maximum snowline altitude towards the end of dry season is taken as a representative of the equilibrium line altitude of the year, which is an indirect measurement of the annual mass balance. We used Landsat and IRS LISS3 images during the last 30 years due to its better temporal coverage of the study site. It is found that there was a decrease of 26.92% of the glaciated area during 1986–2014. We calculated the anomalies in precipitation and temperature in this region and also tried to correlate the changes in glacier parameters with the combined influence of El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). It is concluded that the snowline of Nevado Coropuna has been fluctuated during ENSO, and maximum fluctuations were observed when ENSO and PDO were in phase.     

顾及飞行高度影响的航空磁测数据处理与建模

针对航空磁测数据处理中存在的飞机在飞行高度上起伏变化的问题,传统的Taylor多项式模型在构建局域地磁场模型时,通常只选择平面经纬度方向坐标作为变量,而忽略了飞行高度的变化对建模结果的影响。这里引入顾及飞行高度变化影响的Taylor多项式方法构建地磁场模型,分别利用模拟和实测的航空磁测数据,研究了忽略和顾及飞行高度影响的Taylor多项式法;并分析了截断阶数与中误差的关系。从而得出顾及飞行高度影响的方法可以明显地提高建模的精度和改善模型的边界效应的结论。     

Late Pleistocene snowline fluctuations at Nevado Coropuna (15°S), southern Peruvian Andes

Deposits preserved on peaks in the southern Peruvian Andes are evidence for past glacial fluctuations and, therefore, serve as a record of both the timing and magnitude of past climate change. Moraines corresponding to the last major expansion of ice on Nevado Coropuna date to 20‐25 ka, during the last glacial maximum. We reconstructed the snowline at Coropuna for this period using a combined geomorphic‐numeric approach to provide a first‐order estimate of the magnitude of late‐Pleistocene climate change. Our reconstructions show that snowline was approximately 550‐770 m lower during the last glacial maximum than during the late Holocene maximum, which ended in the 19^th century, and ～750 m lower than today. While these values are similar to data from nearby Nevado Solimana, reconstructions from the neighbouring peak of Nevado Firura reveal a smaller snowline depression, suggesting the glacial response to climate forcing in the tropics is strongly influenced by non‐climatic factors. These data constitute some of the first directly dated palaeo‐snowline data from the arid tropics and suggest that the magnitude of the last glaciation in at least parts of the tropical Andes was similar to late‐Pleistocene events at higher latitudes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Holocene climate inferred from glacier extent,lake sediment and tree rings at Goat Lake,Kenai Mountains,Alaska, USA

Lake sediment, glacier extent and tree rings were used to reconstruct Holocene climate changes from Goat Lake at 550 m asl in the Kenai Mountains, south‐central Alaska. Radiocarbon‐dated sediment cores taken at 55 m water depth show glacial‐lacustrine conditions until about 9500 cal. yr BP, followed by organic‐rich sedimentation with an overall increasing trend in organic matter and biogenic silica content leading up to the Little Ice Age (LIA). Through most of the Holocene, the northern outlet of the Harding Icefield remained below the drainage divide that currently separates it from Goat Lake. A sharp transition from gyttja to inorganic mud about AD 1660 signifies the reappearance of glacier meltwater into Goat Lake during the LIA, marking the maximum Holocene (postglacial) extent. Meltwater continued to discharge into the lake until about AD 1900. A 207 yr tree‐ring series from 25 mountain hemlocks growing in the Goat Lake watershed correlates with other regional tree‐ring series that indicate an average summer temperature reduction of about 1°C during the 19th century compared with the early–mid 20th century. Cirque glaciers around Goat Lake reached their maximum LIA extent in the late 19th century. Assuming that glacier equilibrium‐line altitudes (ELA) are controlled solely by summer temperature, then the cooling of 1°C combined with the local environmental lapse rate would indicate an ELA lowering of 170 m. In contrast, reconstructed ELAs of 12 cirque glaciers near Goat Lake average only 34 ± 18 m lower during the LIA. The restricted ELA lowering can be explained by a reduction in accumulation‐season precipitation caused by a weakening of the Aleutian low‐pressure system during the late LIA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地图投影方法在航空与航天远距离解算中的应用

地球面上两点之间的大圆航线是两点之间的最短距离,虽然球心投影、球面投影等可求取两点间的大圆航线,但局限于半球范围。根据在世界范围内求取两点之间大圆航线的应用需求,提出了以正轴等距离切圆柱投影为地理底图,以同比例尺的横轴等距离切圆柱投影网为辅助工具,通过网格在赤道重合条件下左右移动,调整待求点至某一垂直圈或垂直圈带(相邻两垂直圈之间的地带)的方法,解决了这一问题。通过实例的图解和计算验证,证明本法的正确性,具有广泛的应用价值。     

无人机低空航摄技术在川东北山区滑坡调查中的应用

近年来,国内外山区滑坡地质灾害频发,传统调查手段受客观条件影响而作用有限。本文介绍了无人机低空航摄技术的基本原理,总结了利用无人机航摄技术进行山区滑坡灾害调查的基础流程,以川东北某石膏矿矿区为例开展了山区无人机航摄调查应用分析,结果表明无人机低空航摄技术在保障地灾调查精度的基础上极大地提高了工作效率,弥补了传统地面调查方法易"重局部、轻整体"的缺陷。