高原地区不同坐标系及投影面引起的面积误差

讨论了高原地区北京坐标系和地方坐标系的高斯投影及不同高程投影面引起的面积变形,得到了不同高程投影面与高斯面上的面积误差,指出了高原地区面积最接近实际面积的坐标系就是边长变形最小的地方坐标系。     

Changes of the 0°C isotherm and the equilibrium line altitude in central Chile during the last quarter of the 20th century / Changements de l'isotherme 0°C et de la ligne d'équilibre des neiges dans le Chili central durant le dernier quart du 20ème siècle

Abstract

An overall retreat of glaciers has been observed in the Andes of central Chile during the last ~100 years. Precipitation is mainly of frontal origin and concentrates in winter months. Analysis of precipitation data shows a decrease until 1976, an increase thereafter north of 34°S and a decrease south of 34°S, but overall no significant trends during the last quarter of the 20th century. Analysis of radiosonde data of central Chile shows mid-tropospheric warming with an elevation increase of the 0°C isotherm of 122 ± 8 m and 200 ± 6 m in winter and summer, respectively, during the 27-year period between 1975 and 2001. The results point to a snowline elevation increase in the region during the last quarter of the 20th century and a concurrent rise of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and suggest that mid-troposphere warming is the main cause for glacier retreat in central Chile.     

Air density effects on aeolian sand movement: Implications for sediment transport and sand control in regions with extreme altitudes or temperatures

Aeolian sand transport results from interactions between the ground surface and airflow. Previous research has focused on the effects on sand entrainment and mass transport of surface features and wind velocity, but the influence of air density, which strongly constrains airflow characteristics and the resulting sand flow, has not been widely considered. In the present study, entrainment, saltation characteristics and transport rates were examined at nine experimental sites ranging in elevation from ?154 m below sea‐level (Aiding Lake) to 5076 m above sea‐level (Tanggula Mountain pass on the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau). At each site, a portable wind tunnel and high‐speed camera system were set up, and the friction wind velocity, threshold friction velocity and sand flow structure were observed systematically. For a given volumetric airflow, lower air density increases the wind velocity. Low air density also creates a high threshold friction velocity. The Bagnold wind erosion threshold model remains valid, but the value of empirical parameter A decreased with decreasing air density and ranged from 0·10 to 0·07, the smallest values reported in the literature. For a given wind velocity, increased altitude reduced total sand transport and creeping, but the saltation rate and saltation height increased. The present results provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the initiation and transport of sand by wind in regions with an extreme temperature or altitude (for example, alpine deserts and low‐lying lake basins) or on other planets, including Mars. These results also provide theoretical support for improved sand‐control engineering measures. The data and empirical equations provided in this paper improve the ability to estimate threshold and transport conditions for wind‐blown sand.     

UAV低空航测技术研究

本文阐述无人飞行器(UAV)低空航测系统不同于普通航空摄影测量的技术特点,具体包括任务目标、飞行平台性能、成像传感器系统组成结构、数据处理的特殊技术等方面,尤其着重阐述了专门针对低空轻小型无人飞行器研制的具有自检校自稳定功能的组合宽角数码相机的设计原理。     

固定翼无人机低空遥感系统在山地区域影像获取研究

针对固定翼无人机低空遥感系统在山地区域的影像获取,阐述了在山地区域无人机类型的选择以及无人机起降场地的要求,研究了无人机航摄设计、航空摄影实施等方法与技术。     

近50a来新疆降水随海拔变化的区域分异特征

依据降水随高度变化率和分区连片的原则,将新疆102个气象站划为两种类型6个降水分区.海拔〈2 500m的3个区,降水随海拔变化近似呈线性;海拔〉2 500m的3个区,降水随海拔变化呈近似二次曲线类型.线性分布类型最大降水高度带在山顶,二次曲线类型最大降水高度带在＂山腰＂,它随季节和气候干旱程度发生变化：夏季高,冬季低;...     

Y-12 航空物探综合站野外飞行工作中 一些重要问题的探讨

飞行安全、数据质量和飞行效率是航空物探野外飞行工作的基础.本文围绕此基础,结合Y-12航空物探(电/磁/放)综合站野外飞行工作经验,对一些相关重要问题作了全面的分析和总结,旨在为物探工作者提供一个参考.本文主要探讨了飞行生产前期工作、飞行计划的制定和实施和飞行生产相关环节.对于航空物探工作来说,一个好的飞行计划,可以提高飞行效率,节约飞行成本.飞行高度不仅是飞行安全的生命线,也是航空物探数据质量的生命线.没有飞行安全,一切生产工作都无从谈起;没有数据质量,一切生产工作都徒劳无功.因此,我们在飞行生产当中的要求是,在保证安全的前提下尽量降低飞行高度.实践证明,上述问题对野外飞行工作的顺利开展十分重要,应予以重视和研究.     

高精度磁测正常场改正和高度改正精度

地球磁场强度存在沿纬度方向和高度方向上的变化,在开展高精度磁测工作时,必须进行高度改正和正常场改正。目前普遍使用的改正方法是根据高斯球谐表达式的13级近似式、十级近似式以及一级近似式进行改正的。经计算发现,与高斯球谐表达式的13级近似式相比,当测点与基点的南北方向距离为30 km时,使用十级近似式计算的正常场改正误差为-0.21 nT;使用一级近似式计算的正常场改正的误差随测点与基点的南北方向距离增大而增大,当测点与基点的南北方向的距离大于4 km时,正常场改正误差大于1 nT;使用一级近似式计算的高度改正的误差随测点与基点高度差增大而增大,当测点与基点高度差大于300 m时,误差大于1 nT。     

2007号台风“海高斯”快速加强的成因分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)ERA-Interim逐6 h再分析数据(水平分辨率0.25°×0.25°)和国家气象中心提供的逐小时台风业务数据,分析了2020年第7号台风“海高斯”的路径和强度特征,并在此基础上分析其出现快速加强的原因。结果表明:1)“海高斯”个头小、海温异常偏高、风的垂直切变较小是其出现快速加强的有利因素;2)高空冷涡是“海高斯”后期高空北向出流打开的有利条件;3)来自副热带高压南侧的东向气流对“海高斯”水汽和涡度的输送也是其出现快速加强的有利条件。     

论GPS高程测量的影响因素与对策

对GPS高程测量的原理和应用现状作了描述性的介绍,指出影响GPS高程测量精度的因素并提出提高GPS高程测量的解决办法。