New data for water losses from mature Sitka spruce plantations in temperate upland catchments / Nouvelles données pour les pertes d’eau de plantations adultes de sapins de Sitka en bassins versants tempérés d’altitude

Abstract

Abstract Accurate estimates of water losses from mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations in the UK uplands are required to assess the sustainability of water supply in the event of land-use change. Many investigations have demonstrated that afforestation increases water losses from temperate upland catchments, to up to 40% of annual site rainfall. In a 0.86 km² upland water supply catchment in southwest Scotland, interception loss in a Sitka spruce-dominated 37-year old plantation, was 52% of annual precipitation (2912 mm), considerably higher than reported in previous studies of similar catchments. From direct measurements of rainfall, cloudwater, discharge and soil evaporation, the catchment water balance was 96–117% complete, within the limits of measurement error. The most probable explanation for the higher forest interception loss reported here is the inclusion of cloudwater measurements.     

Minor Constituent Concentrations Measured from a High Altitude Aircraft Using High Resolution Far-Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Far-infrared emission spectroscopy has beendemonstrated to be a valuable method for remotesensing of trace species in the stratosphere, with theability to simultaneously detect a number of keychemical species. SAFIRE-A is a new far-infraredFourier Transform (FT) spectrometer which has beenspecifically designed to operate on board of a highaltitude aircraft in the lower stratosphere and uppertroposphere regions where relatively few remotesensing measurements have been made. Using newtechnology, the sensitivity of the FT spectrometermethod has been substantially improved for the longwavelength region. Results are reported formeasurements of O₃, HNO₃ and N₂O at 17and 19 km using a detection window near 23 cm^-1.Geographical and altitude variability of the volumemixing ratio of these constituents and their relativecorrelation are discussed. Ozone measurements agreewell with in situ measurements, except in regions ofstrong stirring and mixing associated with deformationof the northern vortex edge. Whilst SAFIREmeasurements of trace gases do not capture all of thelocal variability seen by rapid in-situ techniques,they can indicate horizontal variability close to, butnot intercepted by, the aircraft's flight path. Apossible detection of ClO at the low background levelsexpected outside the polar vortex is also reported.     

成都近十年大气稳定度综合研究

按新颁国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ－１３２０１－９１中规定的稳定度分类法，统计了成都近十年的大气稳定度频率，研究了其分布特点和变化规律，并探讨了变化原因。对新标准中的日夜分界及δ取值法提出了相应的建议和简化意见     

遥感及航空摄影测量中的新技术探讨

随着测绘学科的不断进步与发展,航空摄影测量经历了从模拟测绘时代向数字测绘时代的跨越,正积极朝向信息化测绘时代迈进。遥感及航空摄影测量技术在大比例尺地形图测绘中快速得到推广应用,一些测绘高新技术的应用将使传统的测绘生产方式、工艺流程、产品形式产生根本性的变革。     

无人机载双拼相机低空航测系统技术研究

目前国内大多数无人机航测系统所采用的单相机平面精度可达到要求,但高程精度无法满足大比例尺测图要求。本文主要介绍一种无人机载双拼组合宽角相机低空航测系统,其组成结构、双拼组合宽角数码相机原理、数据处理软件,以及利用该系统进行大比例尺测图的生产流程。它与单相机系统的最大不同点是,通过双拼组合扩大了成像系统的旁向视场角,使得在等同航高条件下,航带影像地面覆盖宽度增加一倍,从而达到提高效率的目的。     

黑河上游祁连山区土壤可培养细菌群落生境的垂直分异特征

利用PYGV、 R2A、 NB和Czapek 4种培养基, 研究了不同海拔下黑河上游祁连山区土壤细菌群落结构的变化规律.结果表明: 可培养细菌数量为4.6×10⁶~37.0×10⁶CFU·g^-1, 随海拔升高明显减少; 基于16S rRNA基因序列分析共发现了7个门、 19个属、 26种细菌, 其中Agreia pratensis, Mucilaginibacter ximonensis, 嗜冷冷杆菌(Cryobacterium psychrophilum)和氧化节杆菌(Arthrobacter oxydans)四种细菌是优势种; 嗜冷冷杆菌的相对丰度在高海拔地区明显增加, Agreia pratensis的相对丰度随海拔升高而降低; 细菌的多样性随海拔升高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势. 冗余分析(RDA)显示, 可培养细菌数量与海拔呈显著负相关, 细菌的多样性与植被指数和土壤理化性质均存在明显的相关关系, 说明可培养细菌数量主要受海拔的影响, 而植被和土壤理化性质是影响细菌群落多样性的主要因素.     

一种混合法区域基础地形图测绘探索方法

为满足皇藏峪国家森林公园规划建设对大比例尺地形图的迫切需求并针对测区的实际地形地貌情况,本文提出采用无人机低空摄影测量和工程测量相结合的混合测图方法完成区域的基础地形图测绘,对其基本流程、技术关键及实施效果进行了详细的总结和分析。基础测绘成果满足了实际规划建设的需要,通过不同方法的优势互补既保证了成图精度又降低了作业强度。     

Current Behaviour and Dynamics of the Lowermost Italian Glacier (Montasio Occidentale,Julian Alps)

Smaller glaciers (<0.5 km²) react quickly to environmental changes and typically show a large scatter in their individual response. Accounting for these ice bodies is essential for assessing regional glacier change, given their high number and contribution to the total loss of glacier area in mountain regions. However, studying small glaciers using traditional techniques may be difficult or not feasible, and assessing their current activity and dynamics may be problematic. In this paper, we present an integrated approach for characterizing the current behaviour of a small, avalanche‐fed glacier at low altitude in the Italian Alps, combining geomorphological, geophysical and high‐resolution geodetic surveying with a terrestrial laser scanner. The glacier is still active and shows a detectable mass transfer from the accumulation area to the lower ablation area, which is covered by a thick debris mantle. The glacier owes its existence to the local topo‐climatic conditions, ensured by high rock walls which enhance accumulation by delivering avalanche snow and reduce ablation by providing topographic shading and regulating the debris budget of the glacier catchment. In the last several years the glacier has displayed peculiar behaviour compared with most glaciers of the European Alps, being close to equilibrium conditions in spite of warm ablation seasons. Proportionally small relative changes have also occurred since the Little Ice Age maximum. Compared with the majority of other Alpine glaciers, we infer for this glacier a lower sensitivity to air temperature and a higher sensitivity to precipitation, associated with important feedback from increasing debris cover during unfavourable periods.     

世界海拔8000m以上雪山研究

实地科考,广博查询,长期探索,坚韧追求,人类首次、全面解开世界海拔8 000m以上雪山之迷:海拔8 000m级雪山地有17处(其中3处山地为新发现),面积共11.95414km2,海拔8 000m以上独立山峰39座.世界海拔8 000m级山地和山峰地貌形态、相互关系,己在即将出版的"世界八千米雪山地图集"中得到表示.该图集比例尺1∶100000,等高距40m,幅面550mm×790mm.该图集由序言、7幅地图和后记组成,是世界第一部关于海拔8 000m级雪山地图集.     

河套地区一次强沙尘暴天气过程分析

文章利用Micaps系统、地面常规观测气象资料,通过对高空、地面、风场、物理量场及卫星云图特征分析表明:前期的干暖气候及上游充足的沙源是形成巴彦淖尔市沙尘暴不可缺少的环境因素和物质基础;500~700hPa贝加尔湖低涡底部的西北气流风力在16~30m·s-1,并形成一支急流带,冷平流在10个纬度内有5根等温线的密集带,等高线与等温线交角≥45℃,是形成沙暴天气的前提条件之一;影响河套地区的地面冷锋,其后部的地面冷高压紧随其后,高低压之间气压梯度及地面风的加大以及沙尘暴出现前期近地面气温增温明显,大气层结不稳定度显著增大,为沙尘暴天气的爆发提供了动力条件和热力条件;通过对物理量场的分析,整层的干暖条件、强烈的上升运动及低层辐合高层辐散形成的次级环流的垂直作用,是沙尘暴发生发展的动力源泉;高空涡旋云系的发展配合地面辐合上升气流,表明了高低空强烈的抽吸作用对沙尘暴爆发的贡献。