无限域横观各向同性岩体介质中折线裂纹边界元方法

岩体材料的各向异性导致其中的光滑裂纹在扩展后会变为折线裂纹。对于折线裂纹,其折线处裂纹面外法线方向不惟一,不能用连续单元离散。为此,在光滑裂纹问题方法的基础上,引入4种新的不连续单元来离散折线处裂纹面,建立了适用于折线裂纹问题的对偶边界元方法,该方法基于横观各向同性基本解。算例验证表明,该方法具有较好的精度。最后用该方法分析了横观各向同性岩体中的折线裂纹,得到了该类裂纹的应力强度因子。当裂纹面上作用法向均布力,横观各向同性岩体介质中的矩形光滑裂纹发生弯折时,折线两侧的裂纹面在张开时存在抑制效应,从而导致折线裂纹裂尖应力强度因子小于原光滑裂纹。同时还发现,随裂纹面的逐渐弯折,其裂纹面对各向同性面的倾角发生变化,因此,其裂尖断裂特性还受到岩体各向异性的影响。     

砂土地基的黏性特性及其有限元模拟

采用非线性弹塑黏性有限元法模拟了砂土地基变速率加载室内试验,再现了砂土地基荷载-沉降曲线对加载速率突变、砂土蠕变以及应力松弛等加载情况下的响应和瞬时黏性中砂土黏性随加载进行的衰减现象。在有限元分析中,以非线性三要素模型为理论框架构建了可以综合考虑砂土黏性特性的弹塑黏性本构模型,用动态松弛法进行有限元求解,最后通过有限元与室内试验的对比分析研究了砂土地基所具有的黏性特性,同时验证了非线性三要素弹塑黏性模型用于模拟砂土黏性特征的合理性和正确性。     

内蒙古大桦背I型花岗岩地球化学特征及其成因意义

在大桦背花岗岩体区域地质和岩石学研究的基础上,运用X射线荧光光谱分析样品主量元素,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱对其样品进行了微量、稀土元素分析.同时结合前人的锆石年龄和Pb同位素数据,认为大桦背花岗岩为I型花岗岩,主要为古亚洲洋板块向华北板块多期俯冲过程中,中下地壳、成熟岛弧和大洋岛弧大面积部分熔融的产物,伴有少量地幔与未知含量的海洋沉积物及早期造山作用产物等物质的不同程度混合作用.     

水平井和大斜度井中阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟

针对水平井和大斜度井中阵列侧向电极系的工作原理,利用多电场叠加方式进行电场合成,采用三维有限元方法模拟仿真各个分电场的场分布,进而利用电场线性叠加原理得到阵列侧向测井响应。在基于计算机仿真的基础上,得到阵列侧向五条测井曲线的径向探测深度,阵列侧向径向探测深度要小于深侧向探测深度。考察了三维地层模型下井斜和侵入深度变化对阵列侧向测井响应的影响,分析了水平井和大斜度井中阵列侧向测井响应特征。模拟结果表明,在井斜小于15°时,阵列侧向测井响应受井斜影响小,可以不进行井斜校正;井斜超过60°的大斜度井以及水平井中,阵列侧向测井响应视地层厚度逐渐增大,测井响应值与直井条件下响应值差别较大,必须进行井斜校正。     

Field experiment and numerical study on active vibration isolation by horizontal blocks in layered ground under vertical loading

In this paper, a series of field experiments were carried out to investigate the active vibration isolation for a surface foundation using horizontal wave impedance block (WIB) in a multilayered ground under vertical excitations. The velocity amplitude of ground vibration was measured and the root-mean-square (RMS) velocity is used to evaluate the vibration mitigation effect of the WIB. The influences of the size, the embedded depth and the shear modulus of the WIB on the vibration mitigation were also systematically examined under different loading conditions. The experimental results convincingly indicate that WIB is effective to reduce the ground vibration, especially at high excitation frequencies. The vibration mitigation effect of the WIB would be improved when its size and shear modulus increase or the embedded depth decreases. The results also showed that the WIB may amplify rather than reduce the ground vibration when its shear modulus is smaller or the embedded depth is larger than a threshold value. Meanwhile, an improved 3D semi-analytical boundary element method (BEM) combined with a thin layer method (TLM) was proposed to account for the rectangular shape of the used WIB and the laminated characteristics of the actual ground condition in analyzing the vibration mitigation of machine foundations. Comparisons between the field experiments and the numerical analyses were also made to validate the proposed BEM.     

Prediction of railway ground vibrations: Accuracy of a coupled lumped mass model for representing the track/soil interaction

Recent advances in railway-induced ground vibrations showed that the track/soil interaction plays an important role in the low frequency range. This paper contributes to the numerical analysis of train/track/foundation dynamics by presenting the accuracy of a coupled lumped mass (CLM) model devoted to the railway foundations and to the track/soil coupling. Following a summary of the background and the advantages of the CLM model, the coupling strategy is quantified through two application cases. Firstly, the dynamic track deflection is calculated for different railway lines considering various degrees of complexities of foundations. Then, the foundation responses are compared depending on whether detailed coupling is introduced or not. The benefit of the proposed model is emphasized by presenting free-field ground vibration responses generated by a tram and a high-speed train, obtained by a revisited two-step prediction model developed by the authors.     

Generalized failure envelope for caisson foundations in cohesive soil: Static and dynamic loading

The response of massive caisson foundations to combined vertical (N), horizontal (Q) and moment (M) loading is investigated parametrically by a series of three-dimensional finite element analyses. The study considers foundations in cohesive soil, with due consideration to the caisson-soil contact interface conditions. The ultimate limit states are presented by failure envelopes in dimensionless and normalized forms and the effects of the embedment ratio, vertical load and interface friction on the bearing capacity are studied in detail. Particular emphasis is given on the physical and geometrical interpretation of the kinematic mechanisms that accompany failure, with respect to the loading ratio M/Q. Exploiting the numerical results, analytical expressions are derived for the capacities under pure horizontal, moment and vertical loading, for certain conditions. For the case of fully bonded interface conditions, comparison is given with upper bound limit equilibrium solutions based on Brinch Hansen theory for the ultimate lateral soil reaction. A generalized closed-form expression for the failure envelope in M–Q–N space is then proposed and validated for all cases examined. It is shown that the incremental displacement vector of the caisson at failure follows an associated flow rule, with respect to the envelope, irrespective of: (a) the caisson geometry, and (b) the interface conditions. A simplified geometrical explanation and physical interpretation of the associativity in M-Q load space is also provided. Finally, the derived failure envelope is validated against low (0.67 Hz) and high frequency (5 Hz) dynamic loading tests and the role of radiation damping on the response of the caisson at near failure conditions is unraveled.     

饱和土体瞬态响应有限元分析

给出基于Biot多孔介质理论分析饱和土体在动载荷作用下瞬态响应的有限元公式,数值计算部分采用本文有限元法分别计算一维饱和土柱在两种不同类型动载荷作用下的瞬态响应,并将数值计算结果与文献中的解析解进行比较,二者结果十分吻合,从而验证本文方法的可行性。     

Petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Triassic granitoid plutons in West Qinling,China: insights from LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages,Lu–Hf isotope signatures and geochemical characteristics of the Zhongchuan pluton

West Qinling is one of the most important parts of the Qinling orogenic belt and includes acidic–intermediate plutons and many types of ore deposits. In this article, we collected geochemical and geochronological data for the Triassic granitoid plutons of West Qinling and found that nearly all plutons share the similar features with the Zhongchuan pluton. We present new laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb ages, major and trace element geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotope systematics for the granites of the Zhongchuan pluton to elucidate the evolution of granitoid plutons in West Qinling during the Triassic. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Xujiaba and Guandigou units formed at 220.1 ± 1.2 and 215.9 ± 0.85 Ma, respectively, reflecting the time of the Late Triassic. The rocks of the Zhongchuan pluton are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and have a high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series with high SiO₂ (63.59–76.22%) and low P₂O₅ (0–0.2%) concentrations, a high K₂O/Na₂O ratio (1.18–17.92), a high differentiation index (78.45–93.04) and a medium A/CNK ratio (0.98–1.69). The zircon Hf isotope dating indicates that the Xujiaba and Guandigou units have an inhomogeneous ε_Hf(t) (?4.425 to 1.067 for Xujiaba and ?4.920 to 2.042 for Guandigou) and two-stage Hf model ages (1123–1531 Ma for Xujiaba and 1115–2342 Ma for Guandigou). The geochemical and isotopic data imply that the granites of each unit share the same origin. They probably derived from the partial melt of metagreywackes and then mixed with the mantle-derived magma. Based on the regional geological history, petrographic characteristics and new geochemical and isotopic data of the Zhongchuan pluton, we suggest that the Triassic magma was derived from the partial melts of metagreywackes and was influenced by the mantle-derived melt during the collision of the Yangtze and Qinling plates.     

DEM modeling of pullout behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast: The effect of particle shape

The performance of a geogrid reinforced system depends heavily on the properties of interface between the interacting components (i.e., backfill soil and geogrid inclusion). The comprehensive understanding of soil-geogrid interaction requires proper consideration of the true aperture geometry and the discontinuous nature of backfill soil. Based on the calibrated parameters, this paper presents a simulation procedure using PFC3D to reproduce the realistic pull-out behaviors of a triaxial geogrid embedded in various ballast aggregates with diverse particle shapes. The load transfer behaviors across the interacting components have been visualized in terms of the evolution of bond forces along the geogrid and the evolution of contact forces across the particle assembly. Meanwhile, the inherent microscopic changes accounting for the regression of macroscopic strength and the correlation between macro pull-out force and micro anisotropy parameters have been addressed. In addition, the differences in macro performance and the particle responses produced by different shapes of particles are also systematically discussed to justify the significant role of particle geometry. The findings obtained in this study are expected to provide better understanding of soil-geogrid interaction and the improved interlocking caused by irregular ballast geometry.