Slovenia's climate policy efforts: CO2 tax and implementation of EU ETS

Slovenia is required to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to an average of 8% below the base year 1986 in the period 2008–2012, due to the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. It was the first of the transition countries to implement a CO₂ tax in 1997. At the beginning of 2005, Slovenia joined other EU Member States by implementing the Emissions Trading Scheme. In contrast with other new EU Member States, Slovenia will be a net buyer of allowances. Therefore future movements on the emissions market will play an important role in the compliance costs of achieving the Kyoto target. The main purpose of this article is to present the establishment and characteristics of the first national allocation plan (NAP1) and to describe the main elements of the second national allocation plan (NAP2) for Slovenia within the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, the expected movements on the emissions allowances market in Slovenia, the expected compliance cost of achieving the Kyoto target and to present the main characteristics and efficiency of the CO₂ tax in Slovenia.     

Modelling urban expansion using a multi agentbased model in the city of Changsha

Although traditional urban expansion simulation models can simulate dynamic features, these models fail to address complex changes produced by different agents' behaviors. The paper has built up a set of spatial-temporal land resource allocation rules and developed a dynamic urban expansion model based on a multi-agent system, which can simulate the interaction among different agents, such as residents, peasants, and governments. This model is applied to simulate urban expansion process taking Changsha City, in China as a study area. The results show that this model can not only reflect basic characteristics of urban expansion, but also help explain the reasons for urban expansion process and understand the effect of agents' behavior on the expansion process, and provide insights into the causing factors behind the expansion. In addition, in contrast to simulation results with land use classification map from remote sensing images, the precision of the simulation reached over 68% with higher precision than cellular automata model according to the cell-by-cell comparison. The results suggest that the model can help to provide land use decision making support to government and urban planners.     

绿潮迁移过程中环境要素与浒苔藻体生物学特征的相关性分析

浒苔(Ulva prolifera)引起的大规模绿潮起源于黄海南部,在向北迁移过程中生物量迅速扩增,在海州湾附近(35°N左右)迅速增加达到峰值.在绿潮漂浮迁移过程中,海水表层温度、溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)变化显著.本文以迁移过程中的浒苔为...     

新疆流域水资源分配模拟系统设计

通过对有关项目研究成果的分析，总结了新疆流域水资源分配模拟系统设计的基本原理与方法。其中对模拟模型的建立、模拟系统的结构与各子模块的功能及寻求合理分水方案的方法进行了详细分析与说明。     

生态补偿空间选择与分配的重要性及研究动态

指出生态补偿标准的关键或实质是空间选择与分配问题,并根据国内生态补偿项目运行的独特环境,围绕补偿效益这一内在目标,分析生态补偿空间选择与分配的重要性;论述与比较了国际与国内的相关研究动向;结合一个生态公益林补偿配置的研究框架,指出了政府主导型生态补偿空间优化配置的解决方向．     

沙坡头人工固沙区一年生植物小画眉草繁殖分配研究

沙坡头人工固沙区不同始植年代一年生植物小画眉草(Eragrostis poaeoides)的繁殖分配研究。结果表明:无论在种群水平还是在个体水平上,都反映出:(1) 在不同的始植年代,个体大小与繁殖体大小均不相同,其排列顺序依次为1956年样地 > 1964年样地 > 1981年样地 > 1987年样地;(2) 在不同始植年代下小画眉草有性繁殖分配的大小存在差异,有的甚至达到显著或极显著的水平,小画眉草有性繁殖分配的大小与沙面固定的长短有关(大小依次排序:1956年样地 > 1964年样地 > 1981年样地 > 1987年样地),1956年固沙区小画眉草用于繁殖的投资比例达到(70.17±6.24)%,远高于1987年固沙区的(59.18±8.75)%。(3)地上营养器官生物量、茎重、叶片数和叶重在四个年代差异不显著,说明这些指标既受固沙时间长短的影响,也可能受其他因素的控制。通过研究,我们得到以下结论:随着沙面固定时间的延长,一年生植物生存的环境相对好转,一年生植物把更多的资源和能量用于繁殖,增加其种群规模;沙丘固定时间相对短的,一年生植物将把更多的资源和能量用于营养生长,以抵御不利的生长环境。     

城中村流动人口的时间利用以及生活活动时空间结构——对北京5个城中村的调查

基于北京5个城中村的问卷调查,从个体行为的角度系统研究了城中村流动人口日常生活活动的时间利用特征以及时空间结构。研究发现:工作日中工作活动是支配活动,对其他活动时间起到制约作用,休息日娱乐时间占据主导地位,男女在时间分配特征上体现出较大不同;城中村流动人口工作日和休息日活动的时空间结构在性别上表现出明显的一致性;在时间上,休息日大部分活动集中在自家;家中娱乐活动出现较强晚间高峰;在性别上,男性比女性外出娱乐活动多,出行距离更远,女性家务活动多于男性。人群个体日常活动的规律性可以为掌握城市人群生活空间结构、制定城市规划等提供重要参考。     

水资源复杂适应配置系统的理论与模型

在对水资源配置系统的复杂性及其复杂适应机理分析的基础上，应用复杂适应系统理论的基本原理和方法，构架出了全新的水资源配置系统分析模型，同时对系统的动力机制、主体行为特性和系统状态的评价方法进行了描述，形成了一个较为完整的研究体系，用于分析水资源配置系统的演化规律，并应用这种分析方法对南水北调工程对受水区水资源配置的影响进行了简要的研究。     

基于生态功能区划的黄河三角洲土地资源优化配置

土地资源的优化配置作为一种手段,其实质是依据土地类型本身的生态适宜性及其结构格局的差异性,运用人工技术调控的方法对有悖于自然生态结构的现状利用结构进行优化调整与安排,从而达到土地利用系统功能趋优的目的。论文首先从生态学的角度,根据黄河三角洲生态区划优化配置原则,对土地资源适宜方向与土地利用现状相匹配,甄别出需要调整的类型,构建黄河三角洲土地资源优化配置模型。其次基于该模型,利用GIS软件分析模块,实现土地资源优化配置。最后采用土地资源利用综合适宜度指数,对黄河三角洲土地资源优化配置效果进行评价,进一步说明了按照生态功能区划原则进行土地资源优化效果很好,具有一定的创新性。     

Book Review

In this paper, we examine the applicability of spatial optimization as a generative modelling technique for sustainable land‐use allocation. Specifically, we test whether spatial optimization can be used to generate a number of compromise spatial alternatives that are both feasible and different from each other. We present a new spatial multiobjective optimization model, which encourages efficient utilization of urban space through infill development, compatibility of adjacent land uses, and defensible redevelopment. The model uses a density‐based design constraint developed by the authors. The constraint imposes a predefined level of consistent neighbourhood development to promote contiguity and compactness of urban areas. First, the model is tested on a hypothetical example. Further, we demonstrate a real‐world application of the model to land‐use planning in Chelan, a small environmental amenity town in the north‐central region of the State of Washington, USA. The results indicate that spatial optimization is a promising method for generating land‐use alternatives for further consideration in spatial decision‐making.