Ground–Space–Sky Observing System Experiment during Tropical Cyclone Mulan in August 2022

Forecasting tropical cyclone track and intensity is a great challenge for the meteorological community, and safeguarding the life and property of people living near the coast is an important issue. One major reason for challenging forecasts is the lack of observations over the vast oceans. During tropical cyclone Mulan between 8 and 10 August 2022over the northern part of the South China Sea, the meteorological authority and research institutes of Chinese mainland collaborated with the meteorolo...     

An improved topographic correction model based on Minnaert

The uneven distribution of solar radiation due to topographic relief can significantly change the correlation between reflectance and other features such as biomass in rugged terrain regions. In this article, we use the transfer theory to improve the Minnaert approach. After comparing topographic correction methods for Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and EO-1 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) imagery acquired from the mountainous region in Beijing, China, we used visual inspection, statistical analysis, and correlation analysis to evaluate the algorithms and performance of the proposed Minnaert-E approach. The results indicate that corrections based on non-Lambertian methods have better performance than those based on the Lambertian assumption. The correction performances can be ranked as the Minnaert-E, followed by the Minnaert and the SCS+C corrections, and, finally, the C-HuangWei correction, which performed the worst. We found that the Minnaert-E approach can effectively weaken the influence of terrain relief on pixels and restore the true reflectance of the pixels in the relief area. Further analysis indicates that the Minnaert-E has a better effect on image processing where the slope gradient is restricted to less than 10° or between 30° and 43°.     

基于百度街景的SVF计算及其在城市热岛研究中的应用

SVF（Sky View Factor）是描述城市辐射和城市热环境的有效指标之一,是研究城市热岛的重要几何参数,如何快速准确地计算大规模的SVF对城市形态和城市气候研究具有重要意义。已有研究发现,SVF与热岛强度具有强烈关系,但以往研究存在争论和局限性。本研究采用百度全景静态图,基于深度学习,使用Deeplabv3+模型对天空范围进行探测,提出一种SVF自动计算方法,并用该方法计算上海市中心城区的SVF分布。本研究引入局地气候分区（Local Climate Zones, LCZ）,将大规模、精确的SVF结合每个地块具体的土地利用和建筑情况进一步用于SVF与热岛强度的关系研究。实验结果表明,在不同场景下,Deeplabv3+模型都能对天空范围进行有效探测（MIOU=91.64%）;本文方法计算的SVF与鱼眼照片计算的SVF具有令人满意的一致性（R²=0.8869）;在不同区域,SVF与热岛强度的关系不同,对于LCZ5开敞中层建筑,最高相关系数为0.68,对于LCZ1紧凑高层建筑,最高相关系数为-0.79。本文SVF计算方法在上海市中心城区的成功应用,验证了在中国高密度和复杂的城市环境中使用街景图像计算大规模SVF的可行性,此外本文基于区域化研究思想进一步研究了SVF与城市热岛的关系,弥补了以往此类研究的不足。     

A hard X-ray sky survey with the SIGMA telescope of the GRANAT observatory

The SIGMA X-ray telescope accumulated the images of more than a quarter of the sky during the in-orbit operation of the GRANAT observatory. The longest exposure time (～9 million s) was spent on the observations of the Galactic center region. We give an overview of the SIGMA X-ray observations and report the sensitivities achieved in various regions of the sky.     

Water vapor motion signal extraction from FY-2E longwave infrared window images for cloud-free regions: The temporal difference technique

The aim of this study is to calculate the low-level atmospheric motion vectors （AMVs） in clear areas with FY-2E IR2 window （11.59-12.79 μm） channel imagery,where the traditional cloud motion wind technique fails.A new tracer selection procedure,which we call the temporal difference technique,is demonstrated in this paper.This technique makes it possible to infer low-level wind by tracking features in the moisture pattern that appear as brightness temperature （TB） differences between consecutive sequences of 30-min-interval FY-2E IR2 images over cloud-free regions.The TB difference corresponding to a 10％ change in water vapor density is computed with the Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission （MODTRAN4） radiative transfer model.The total contribution from each of the 10 layers is analyzed under four typical atmospheric conditions：tropical,midlatitude summer,U.S.standard,and midlatitude winter.The peak level of the water vapor weighting function for the four typical atmospheres is assigned as a specific height to the TB ＂wind＂.This technique is valid over cloudfree ocean areas.The proposed algorithm exhibits encouraging statistical results in terms of vector difference （VD）,speed bias （BIAS）,mean vector difference （MVD）,standard deviation （SD）,and root-mean-square error （RMSE）,when compared with the wind field of NCEP reanalysis data and rawinsonde observations.     

DRAINAGE REVERSALS AND TRANSVERSE RELATIONSHIPS OF RIVERS TO MORAINES IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN

In southern Michigan, a multiglaciated area of thick drift, regional differences in the altitude of the buried bedrock surface control the direction of major drainage lines and facilitated some stream reversals during deglaciation. Furthermore, individual bedrock valleys, though deeply buried, may influence surface forms in a fashion that induces transverse relationships between river courses and morainal trends. Apparently one or more ancestral glacial landscapes were influenced by the bedrock surface and are also reflected in the present topography. Such palimpsest landscapes may be more widespread in glaciated terrains than have generally been recognized.     

文登市全面推行“三全”执法责任制

为加强做好国土资源执法监察工作,文登市国土资源局在认真贯彻落实好国土资源部执法监察各项规定的同时,在建立健全村级土地协管员、信访信息员、土地监督员的基础上,全市全面推行"分级负责,层层监管"的执法新机制,动员全社会力量参与国土资源管理,变国土部门一家管为大家管,扭转了国土资源执法监察工作的被动局面,是当前做好国土资源执法监察工作的有效途径。     

复杂地形任意天气情形下太阳直接辐射量模拟

以太阳辐射传输参数化模型为基础,结合MODIS影像两次白天的云产品和水汽产品及DEM,构建了复杂地形任意天气情形下每日太阳直接辐射量模型。选取代表不同气候类型与地形起伏状况的3个典型站点（拉萨、北京、额济纳旗）,以2007年每日实测值对模拟结果进行了验证,其相关系数分别为0.77、0.77和0.85。研究表明:有云天气下,云是影响地表太阳直接辐射数量和空间分布的主要因子;模型对时间步长不敏感。引起误差的原因主要是MODIS云产品的时空分辨率较低以及云的3D效应导致模拟的困难,对地形起伏较大地区,小比例尺的DEM也会导致较大的误差,同时实测值与模拟值的空间尺度不匹配也引起了一定误差。     

全相闪电磁场测量系统实现与试验

根据电磁感应法原理,研制了一套全相闪电磁场测量系统。该系统磁场测量天线由3个正交的半径为15 cm的环状天线构成,由高速大容量示波记录仪完成数据采集,采用基于全电路表达式的脉冲磁场数字重构法对数据进行还原处理。利用该系统,结合电场变化观测系统和高速摄像系统,在广东省从化地区开展了闪电的光、电、磁场同步观测试验。试验资料分析表明,该套全相磁场测量系统观测的闪电磁场变化基本真实可靠。     

FY-2E分裂窗晴空沙尘区导风初步研究

干旱半干旱沙尘爆发区风场信息作为沙尘监测的一个重要组成部分,能够为沙尘移向预报提供宝贵的资料。结合目前日趋成熟的红外分裂窗差值监测沙尘及卫星导风技术,针对FY-2E气象卫星,首先利用MODTRAN辐射传输模式对沙尘晴空区特征进行敏感性分析,再将经过图像掩膜及线性处理后的分裂窗差值图像代入导风计算程序计算,获得了传统卫星导风所无法得到的水汽含量低值区风场信息。实际个例分析表明,得到的沙尘区风场与NCEP再分析资料850hPa风场有很好的一致性,能够为监测沙尘移动提供良好的风场信息。