MD－50型钻机的研制

介绍ＭＤ－５０型钻机的结构、参数和特点。该钻机完成了十三陵锚固工程，通过了部级鉴定。     

The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: The Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O system to high ionic strengths at 25°C

The mineral solubility model of Harvie and Weare (1980) is extended to the eight component system, Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO₄-OH-HCO₃-CO₃-CO₂-H₂O at 25°C to high concentrations. The model is based on the semi-empirical equations of Pitzer (1973) and co-workers for the thermodynamics of aqueous electrolyte solutions. The model is parameterized using many of the available isopiestic, electromotive force, and solubility data available for many of the subsystems. The predictive abilities of the model are demonstrated by comparison to experimental data in systems more complex than those used in parameterization. The essential features of a chemical model for aqueous electrolyte solutions and the relationship between pH and the equilibrium properties of a solution are discussed.     

Polymer-stabilized emulsions and fine-particle recovery,I. The calcite-quartz system

The interaction between polymer-stabilized oil droplets and fine calcite particles has been studied at pH 10. Large calcite-droplet aggregates form and may be efficiently separated from fine quartz gangue. The influence of particle size, pulp density, oil-droplet size, oil volume, stirring speed and stirring time on separation efficiency have been investigated.     

Marine Layer Stratus Study

The intent of this study is to develop a better understanding of the behavior of late spring through early fall marine layer stratus and fog at Vandenberg Air Force Base, which accounts for a majority of aviation forecasting difficulties. The main objective was to use Leipper (1995) study as a starting point to evaluate synoptic and mesoscale processes involved, and identify specific meteorological parameters that affected the behavior of marine layer stratus and fog. After identifying those parameters, the study evaluates how well the various weather models forecast them. The main conclusion of this study is that weak upper-air dynamic features work with boundary layer motions to influence marine layer behavior. It highlights the importance of correctly forecasting the surface temperature by showing how it ties directly to the wind field. That wind field, modified by the local terrain, establishes the low-level convergence and divergence pattern and the resulting marine layer cloud thicknesses and visibilities.     

山东省1∶10000 DLG全面更新变化率统计分析浅议

选取部分2011~2013年山东省1∶10 000 DLG全面更新图幅,通过基于矢量与栅格结合的地图格网统计法和基于矢量叠加计算的自动提取方法对山东省"十二五"期间1∶10 000 DLG全面更新地物变化率进行统计,并对计算结果进行统计分析。     

Radiative characteristics in a Japanese forested drainage basin during snowmelt

Radiative characteristics in a forested drainage basin during the snowmelt season were examined in order to better understand and predict snowmelt runoff in the basin. A method for estimating net radiation in a forest (R_nf) was presented using the total sky view factor (P) and the sun path sky view factor (Q). Solar radiation, albedo, atmospheric radiation and air temperature observed at an open site were also required. The total and the sun path sky view factors were determined from all‐sky photographs. Q was expressed as a linear function of P for 0·15<P<0·86 regardless of forest type. For P<0·15, Q was set to zero, and for P>0·86, Q was equal to unity. The short‐wave radiation budget at the forest floor (S_nf) increased with P, whereas the long‐wave radiation budget (L_nf) decreased with P. R_nf increased with P for 0·15<P<0·86, and changed little with P for P<0·15 and P>0·86, as the increase in S_nf was offset by the decrease in L_nf . The forest effect on R_nf was diminished under cloudy or high albedo conditions, because S_nf was easily offset by L_nf . This estimation method was extended to the whole basin, and R_nf was obtained over a watershed covered by trees. At the beginning of the snowmelt season when the albedo remained high, the forest effect became null because the decrease in S_nf was balanced by the increase in L_nf . As the albedo gradually lowered with the advance of the snowmelt season, the decrease in S_nf owing to forest covers exceeded the increase in L_nf , and the forest effect to decrease R_nf became evident. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling the land surface reflectance for optical remote sensing data in rugged terrain

A model for topographic correction and land surface reflectance estimation for optical remote sensing data in rugged terrian is presented.Considering a directional-directional reflectance that is used for direct solar irradiance correction and a hemispheric-directional reflectance that is used for atmospheric diffuse irradiance and terrain background reflected irradiance correction respectively,the directional reflectance-based model for topographic effects removing and land surface reflectance calculation is developed by deducing the directional reflectance with topographic effects and using a radiative transfer model.A canopy reflectance simulated by GOMS model and Landsat/TM raw data covering Jiangxi rugged area were taken to validate the performance of the model presented in the paper.The validation results show that the model presented here has a remarkable ability to correct topography and estimate land surface reflectance and also provides a technique method for sequently quantitative remote sensing application in terrain area.     

Cloudy Sky Conditions Promote Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange in a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation across Seasons

Dynamic changes in solar radiation have an important influence on ecosystem carbon sequestration, but the effects of changes caused by sky conditions on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) are unclear. This study analyzed the effects of sunny, cloudy, and overcast sky conditions on NEE using carbon flux and meteorological data for a subtropical coniferous plantation in 2012. Based on one-year data, we found no seasonal variation in the light response curve under various sky conditions. Compared with sunny sky conditions, the apparent quantum yield (α) and potential photosynthetic rate at a light intensity of 150 and 750 W m^-2 (P₁₅₀ and P₇₅₀) under cloudy sky conditions increased by an average of 82.3%, 217.7%, and 22.5%; α and P₁₅₀ under overcast sky conditions increased by 118.5% and 301% on average. Moderate radiation conditions were more favorable for maximum NEE, while low radiation conditions inhibited NEE. In most cases, when the sunny NEE was used as a baseline for comparison, the relative change in NEE (%NEE) was positive under cloudy sky conditions and negative under overcast sky conditions. The average maximal %NEE under cloudy sky conditions was 42.4% in spring, 34.1% in summer, 1.6% in autumn and -87.3% in winter. This study indicates that cloudy sky conditions promote photosynthetic rates and NEE in subtropical coniferous plantations.     

全站式地面测量工程一体化自动化系统研究

系统地阐述了地面测量工程一体化自动化系统的研究内容、方法及研究情况,提出了全站式测量系统的概念和分类,论述了一体化自动化是地面测量发展的主要方向。     

北京天文台兴隆观测站夜天光光谱证认

介绍了夜天光光谱的观测方法,给出了北京天文台兴隆观测站５３０ｎｍ－８２０ｎｍ的夜天光发射光谱,并对它们进行了证认,测定了大气辉光线的夜变化;光谱中城市灯光线ＮａＩ和ＨｇＩ均较弱,表明兴隆站目前的光污染尚不严重．