Studies on the effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer in the absorptions of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops

1　Introduction　Chinaisboththelargestproducerandthelargestconsumerofchemicalfertilizersintheworld .Since1984 ,Chineseconsumptionofchemicalfertilizerhasincreasedmorethanonetimes ,fromabout 17millionmetrictonsto 35millionmetrictons .However ,dur ingthesameperiod ,theyieldoffoodproductionhasincreasedonlyabout 10 % .Thediscrepancybetweenfertilizerconsumptionandyieldincreasehasindicatedthedrasticdecreaseofthebenefitsofchemicalfertiliz ers .Infact ,theutilizationefficiencyofnitrogenfer tilizerinC…     

甘肃省富硒土壤标准研究与探讨

建立富硒土壤地方标准对促进富硒产业发展具有积极意义。笔者分析了西北各省富硒土壤标准制定现状,基于在甘肃全省范围内协同采集的304件土壤及小麦籽实样品分析数据,通过富硒小麦的下限值及籽实与根系土中Se的线性相关模型,推导出0.28×10-6作为甘肃省富Se土壤标准下限,对甘肃省富Se土壤地方标准的建立及富Se土壤资源的科学利用具有指导意义。     

黄海冷水团海域浮游植物磷胁迫的季节变动

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.     

山东城顶山地区牛山旋回火山岩地球化学特征及幔源分析

通过探讨山东城顶山地区牛山旋回火山岩地球化学特征,对其幔源特征进行分析。地球化学特征分析结果表明城顶山地区的岩石为高钾岩石,具有贫硅铝、富镁钙的特征及明显的富钛特征;微量元素分析结果显示,大离子亲石元素Sr含量较高,牛山旋回火山岩的稀土元素总量∑REE在140～177μg/g之间,LREE/HREE在3.58～4.90之间,显示出岩浆分异程度低、分馏不明显的特点,分配型式为轻稀土弱富集型平缓的右倾曲线,与裂谷玄武岩相似,指示了其源区的特点,推测其来源为地幔物质熔融形成的原生岩浆。分析结果可作为进一步研究山东大陆碱性玄武岩的参考。     

Megacrysts in the Cenozoic basalt of the Tuoyun Basin,Southwest Tianshan

Abundant megacrysts of clinopyroxene, amphibole, anorthoclase, and phlogopite are found together with deep-seated xenoliths in the Cenozoic basalt of the Tuoyun Basin, Southwest Tianshan. The megacrysts are mainly in the cone sheet formed at the early stage of the volcanic activity. Clinopyrox-ene megacrysts are located in the lower part of the profile, with amphibole and phlogopite megacrysts in the middle part and anorthoclase megacrysts in the upper part. The crystal integrity, absence of de-formation fabric and their relation to the host basalt suggest that they were crystallized from the host magma and quickly transported to the surface. The mineralogical studies imply that the clinopyroxene megacrysts are of Al-augite with higher Al2O3 (>9%). Amphibole megacrysts are kaersutite rich in TiO2 (>4.5%). Sulfide inclusions such as pyrrhotite occur in some clinopyroxene and amphibole megacrysts. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that pyroxene megacrysts formed under the temperature of 1185.85―1199.85℃ and the pressure between 1.53 and 1.64 GPa comparable to the crust-mantle boundary and amphibole megacrysts crystallized under the pressure of around 0.85 GPa, temperature about 1000℃ comparable to the depth of 30 km. Anorthoclase megacrysts crystallized under the pressure between 0.8―1 GPa,temperature about 900℃.The absence of Ti-rich inclusions such as rutile can be considered as an evidence of quick magma ascending. The P-T conditions estimated via py-roxene megacrysts and phenocrysts compose a P-T path with a steep slope. It can be considered as another evidence of quick magma ascending. However, the estimated temperatures for amphibole megacrysts are markedly lower than those for pyroxene megacrysts given the same pressure. It probably shows that the amphiboles have crystallized at the vanguard of magma and under the vola-tile-rich condition. Thus, we can conclude that the Cenozoic basalts are produced in an extensional tectonic setting and the processes governing crystallization and ascending of the megacrysts are very complex.     

Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Late Permian coals from the Songzao Coalfield, Chongqing, southwestern China

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the four main workable coal seams (No.6, No.7, No.8, and No.11) of Late Permian age from the Songzao Coalfield, Chongqing, Southwest China, were examined using in- ductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), cold-vapor absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), ion-selective electrode (ISE), scanning electron mi- croscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The results showed that the main workable No.8 Coal that accounts for about 60% of the total coal reserves in the Songzao Coalfield was not enriched in hazardous trace elements. The No.11 Coal has high concentrations of alkaline elements, Be (9.14 μg/g), Sc (12.9 μg/g), Ti (9508 μg/g), Mn (397 μg/g), Co (23.7 μg/g), Cu (108 μg/g), Zn (123 μg/g), Ga (32 μg/g), Zr (1304 μg/g), Nb (169 μg/g), Hf (32.7 μg/g), Ta (11.4 μg/g), W (24.8 μg/g), Hg (0.28 μg/g), Pb (28.1 μg/g), Th (24.1 μg/g), and rare earth elements (509.62 μg/g). The concentration of Nb and Ta in the No. 11 Coal is higher than the industrial grade, and their potential utilization should be further studied. Besides pyrite, quartz, calcite, and clay minerals, trace minerals including chalcopyrite, marcasite, siderite, albite, mixed-layer clay minerals of illite and smectite, monazite, apatite, anatase, chlorite, and gypsum were found in the No.11 Coal. It should be noted that alabandite of hydrothermal origin and anatase occurring as cement were identi- fied in coal. In addition, the clayey microbands derived from alkaline volcanic ashes were identified in the coal. The dominant compositions of these clayey microbands were mixed-layer clay minerals of illite and smectite, which were interlayered with organic bands. The modes of occurrence of alkaline volcanic ash bands indicate that the volcanic activities were characterized by the multiple eruptions, short time interval and small scale for each eruption during peat accumulation. The alkaline volcanic ashes were the dominant factors for the enrichment of alkaline elements, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and rare earth elements, and the sulfide minerals are the main carriers of Ga, Cu, and Hg in the No. 11 Coal.     

安徽金寨响洪甸碱性侵入岩年代学、岩石地球化学及其意义

金寨响洪甸碱性侵入岩体分布在大别造山带东北缘的北淮阳地区,侵位于上元古界青白口系佛子岭群中。主要岩石类型为正长岩（似斑状正长岩）、碱性正长岩和霞石正长岩。正长岩的主要矿物为碱性长石及少量黑云母、普通辉石、绿钙闪石;碱性正长岩包含钾长石、角闪石、辉石和少量黑云母;霞石正长岩主要由碱性长石、霞石及少量绿钙闪石、普通辉石、次透辉石等矿物组成。化学成分上均具有偏铝质、富碱、高钾、贫钛的特点。富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、U、Nd和轻稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,轻、重稀土元素比值及La/Nb、Ba/Nb值较高,呈弱的负铕异常。根据高精度同位素年代学测试结果,响洪甸碱性侵入岩成岩期次分为2期：早期霞石正长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（135.1±0.7） Ma;晚期正长岩,SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄为（125.0±1） Ma和碱性正长岩,颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为122.3 Ma。主体岩石似斑状正长岩的Hf同位素分析结果表明,其初始 ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf 比值为0.282 243~0.282 404,ε_Hf（t）为-10.376~-16.602,结合该岩体的Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征,推测响洪甸碱性侵入岩是富集地幔部分熔融的产物,其源区可能有部分陆壳物质的参与。其形成的构造背景为后碰撞的伸展环境。     

甘肃干沙鄂博稀土矿床地质特征及矿床成因分析

干沙鄂博稀土多金属矿床位于北祁连加里东褶皱带东段,成矿与干沙鄂博碱性斑岩体有关。干沙鄂博斑岩体为一小型岩株,地表出露面积约0.29km^2,岩性以霓辉正长斑岩为主,其次为霓辉碱长石英正长斑岩。岩体具全岩面型蚀变矿化特征,与稀土矿化关系密切的围岩蚀变主要为萤石化、碳酸盐化和硅化。矿化范围大,矿带长约800m,延深大于420m,5个主矿体长70-260m,平均厚度12-29m。矿石品位较低,稀土氧化物平均品位1.39%-1.65%,矿石中伴生金属元素有Cu、Pb、Mo。矿石矿物以氟碳钙铈矿为主,其他金属矿物有黄铜矿、方铅矿、斑铜矿及辉钼矿等。含矿斑岩体为一套准铝质和碱性岩石,总体具有高硅低钛、富钾低钠的特点。岩石富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等不相容元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Zr、Ti等高场强元素;轻重稀土分馏强烈,显著富集轻稀土,具Eu负异常。以上地球化学特征表明干沙鄂博碱性斑岩体的成因可能与华力西晚期后造山伸展环境下富集地幔的部分熔融有关,并经历了显著的分离结晶作用。通过与国内外典型稀土矿床的对比分析认为,干沙鄂博稀土矿矿床成因类型为碱性斑岩岩浆期后热液型多金属稀土矿床,与冕宁牦牛坪和美国加里诺斯稀土矿的矿床成因类似。     

A 100 m.y. record of volcanic arc evolution in Nicaragua

The processes that result in arc magmas are critical to understanding element recycling in subduction zones, yet little is known about how these systems evolve with time. Nicaragua provides an opportunity to reconstruct the history of a volcanic arc since the Cretaceous. Here we present the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous–Eocene volcanic units in Nicaragua and their relationship to the different tectonic units where the arc developed. We discovered an evolution from an arc‐dominated by calc‐alkaline compositions in the Cretaceous–Eocene, to transitional compositions in the Oligocene–Miocene, to finally tholeiitic magmas common in the modern volcanic front. Our petrographic studies confirm that in the Cretaceous–Eocene the olivine + clinopyroxene cotectic was followed by clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± amphibole. Given the abundance of amphibole and the lack of this mineral in the modern volcanic front, the Cretaceous–Eocene Arc melts were likely more water‐rich than modern Nicaragua, suppressing the crystallization of plagioclase after olivine. We also found temporal changes in element ratios that are sensitive to variations in sediment input. The Cretaceous–Eocene Arc is characterized by a lower Ba/Th compared to the Oligocene–Miocene and modern volcanic front samples, suggesting that the sediment input was lower in Ba, possibly analogous to old deep siliceous sediment subducting in the western Pacific. Both U/Th and U/La are higher in the modern volcanics, reflecting higher U/Th in the subducting sediments following the 'Carbonate Crash'. Finally, we found that the orientation of the arc axis also changed, from northeast‐southwest in the Cretaceous–Eocene to northwest‐southeast after the Oligocene. This change probably records variations in the location of the subduction zone as this region shaped into its current geographic configuration.     

Petrology and geochemistry of potassic rocks in the Gölcük area (Isparta, SW Turkey): genesis of enriched alkaline magmas

The Lower Pliocene volcanic rocks occurring in the Gölcük area of SW Turkey exhibit alkaline major element trends with a general potassic character. The development of volcanism can be divided into 2 major stages such as trachytic ancient lavas/domes and tephriphonolitic, trachyandesitic to trachytic Gölcük eruptions (ignimbrites, lava/dome extrusions, phreatomagmatic deposits, and finally, young domes). Volcanic rocks consist primarily of plagioclase, clinopyroxene (which ranges in composition from diopside to augite and are commonly zoned), biotite, and phlogopite. Amphibole phenocrysts are restricted to the pyroclastic deposits. Pseudoleucites are also seen only in the lava/dome extrusions. Oxides and apatites are common accessory phenocryst phases. As would be expected from their potassic–alkaline nature, the volcanic rocks of the Gölcük area contain high amounts of LILE (Ba, Sr, Rb and K), LREE, and Zr. Concentrations of compatible elements such as Cr, Ni and V are very low, possibly indicating fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene. Correlation of SiO₂, Rb/Sr and MgO with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.703506–0.704142) exhibit an increasing trend in the direction of crustal contamination. However, the isotopic compositions of Sr are not as high to indicate a high level of crustal contamination. Geochemical data are consistent with the derivation of Gölcük volcanic rocks from a metasomatized and/or enriched lithospheric mantle source during crustal extension in the area. This metasomatism was probably occurred by fluids released from the northward subduction between African and Eurasian plates during Tertiary, as the Gölcük volcanic rocks display features of island-arc magmas with having high Ba/Nb (>28) ratios, and Nb and Ti depletions. Lower Pliocene volcanism in the Gölcük was response to extensional tectonics.