地震应急基础数据库建设

地震应急数据库建设是地震应急工作的核心环节和主要工作内容,中国的地震应急数据库无论从数据内容上,还是数据库建设涉及面都超过以往任何时候地震系统的数据库建设工作,是近期地震系统面临的主要任务之一。从地震应急基础数据库建设的意义、数据库定义、基本数据内容、数据库的作用、建库方法与原则等多方面对目前正在开展的地震应急基础数据库建设进行了阐述,是对前一阶段地震应急数据库建设工作的一个阶段性总结。     

对江苏胥溪河成因及其开发利用的新探讨

胥溪河东坝北岸7508钻孔柱状剖面中-3.7~-5.8 m深处2 m厚的砂夹泥砾土层和东坝至下坝间的8179号孔下部存在4.5 m厚的中、粗、细粒砂层表明,在春秋吴国开凿胥溪运河之前,该处就存在规模较大的天然河流;胥溪河沿岸薛城遗址、朝墩头遗址和下家宕新石器时代遗址的存在,以及胥溪河两岸1 km范围内地表数米之下厚达数十米的淤泥层更是古中江在胥溪河一带存在的重要证据。目前胥溪河东坝所建的船闸不利于水阳江和太湖水系的沟通,也不利于发挥胥溪河流域灌溉和航运的应有作用。若能及早开发芜 (湖) -太 (湖) 运河,即进一步拓宽芜湖→固城湖→胥溪河→东坝→溧阳→宜兴→太湖的水运航道,清除水阳江和太湖水系之间由坡积物构成的分水岭岗地堆积物,不仅可缩短长江入太湖的水上航线,还可分流长江航运船只、保证安全通航率、开发古河道砂砾石资源、稳固长江堤防,解决长江下游灌溉、分洪、排涝和冲污等一系列现实问题,推动胥溪河流域经济可持续发展。     

Integrated water resource management in a major canal command in eastern India

The present rice‐dominated cropping system in the Hirakud canal command (eastern India) is under severe threat due to imbalance between irrigation water supply and demand. The canal water supply, which is the only source of irrigation, only meets 54% of the demand at 90% probability of exceedance (PE). In order to mitigate the irrigation water deficit from canal water, groundwater is considered as a supplemental source. Quasi‐three‐dimensional groundwater flow simulation modelling was, therefore, carried out by using Visual MODFLOW to detect the change in hydraulic head due to transient pumping stresses. The simulation model was calibrated and validated satisfactorily. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters shows that groundwater recharge is most sensitive followed by aquifer hydraulic conductivity at almost all the sites of the command area, whereas the model is comparatively less sensitive to specific storage and specific yield. Enhanced pumping scenarios showed that groundwater extraction can be increased up to 50 times of the existing pumping without causing any adverse effect to the aquifer but the aquifer does not permit to exploit water in order to fulfill the irrigation water demand even at 10% PE. Hence, it is imperative to develop an optimal land and water resources management plan of the command area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

虚拟地理环境下的地理空间认知初步探索

地理空间认知是人类获取地理空间知识、认知地理环境的重要方法和手段,虚拟地理环境VGEs（Virtual Geographic Environments）作为继地图和地理信息系统（GIS）之后的新一代地理分析工具,在地理空间认知方面具有显著优势,但目前相关研究尚处于概念探讨和框架搭建阶段,缺乏对地理空间认知内涵及相关技术方法的论述和研究。本文以经典的地理学6问题求解为导向,从地理本体认知、地理过程认知和地理行为认知3个层次,阐述了VGEs地理空间认知的内涵和基本内容;进一步重点探讨了实现VGEs地理空间认知的相关技术方法,包括城市空间表达与城市计算、多模式人机交互、地理知识图谱与空间推理、地理过程模拟、地理行为模式识别与情感计算等方面。以重庆为例开展了应用案例实践,展示了如何利用相关技术方法实现对地理环境和地理空间对象的认知和理解。本文提出的总体框架和技术体系为VGEs地理空间认知的深入开展和技术实现提供了新的思路和解决方案,有助于将该项工作从理论探讨阶段推向技术实现阶段。     

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Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The aim of this study was to determine the extent Nephrops consumes plastics in the Clyde Sea and if this intake occurs through their diet. Plastic contamination was found to be high in Nephrops, 83% of the animals sampled contained plastics (predominately filaments) in their stomachs. Tightly tangled balls of plastic strands were found in 62% of the animals studied but were least prevalent in animals which had recently moulted. No significant difference in plastic load was observed between males and females. Raman spectroscopy indicated that some of the microfilaments identified from gut contents could be sourced to fishing waste. Nephrops fed fish seeded with strands of polypropylene rope were found to ingest but not to excrete the strands. The fishery for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is the most valuable in Scotland and the high prevalence of plastics in Nephrops may have implications for the health of the stock.     

Phytoplankton,especially diatoms,in the gut contents and feces of two plantivorous cyprinids—Silver carp and bighead carp

In order to clarify whether the planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp can collect phytoplankton as small asCyclotella(<20 μm) in Donghu Lake, studies on phytoplankton in their gut contents and feces were made in 1990. The fish were cultured in both net cage in Donghu Lake and aquaria with the lake water. Past the intestine, the average valve diameter ofCyclotella changed little. The average ratio of empty frustule ofCyclotella to totalCyclotella in the foregut contents of the fishes were 1.8–1.9 times higher than that in the lake water, but changed little from foregut to feces. The aquarium experiment showed that both carps could collect particles as small as 8–10 μm, which was obviously narrower than the distance between their gill rakers. Probably, secretion of mucus plays an important role in collecting such small particles.     

池养条件下军曹鱼仔鱼的消化道内容物

采用光镜解剖观察的方法对池塘培育的1-20日龄军曹鱼仔鱼消化道内容物的种类、数量和大小进行研究。结果显示：军曹鱼仔鱼于2日龄开口，主要摄食桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体及枝角类；在2～20日龄阶段，桡足类在军曹鱼仔鱼食谱中占据主要成分；从13日龄开始摄食虾、蟹类幼体等大型浮游动物，两个阶段的食物选择性指数存在显著差异。     

Condensation water in heritage touristic caves: Isotopic and hydrochemical data and a new approach for its quantification through image analysis

Condensation water is a major factor in the conservation of heritage caves. It can cause dissolution of the rock substrate (and the pigments of rock art drawn on it) or covering thereof with mineral components, depending on the chemical saturation degree of the condensation water. In show caves, visitors act as a source of CO₂ and thus modify the microclimate, favouring negative processes that affect the conservation of the caves. In spite of their interest, studies of the chemical composition of this type of water are scarce and not very detailed. In this work we present research on the condensation water in the Nerja Cave, one of the main heritage and tourist caves in Europe. The joint analysis of isotopic, hydrochemical, mineralogical and microbiological data and the use of image analysis have allowed us to advance in the knowledge of this risk factor for the conservation of heritage caves, and to demonstrate the usefulness of image analysis to quantify the scope of the possible corrosion condensation process that the condensation water could be producing on the bedrock, speleothem and rock art. To our knowledge, this application of image analysis (relative to the condensation water in caves) is the first one of this type that has been documented.     

Modelling hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg,Germany

Abstract

The study analyses a 2-year period of hourly rates of real evapotranspiration (ETr) derived from eddy covariance measurements and soil water contents at depths from 8 to 90 cm, monitored by time domain reflectometry probes at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg of the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory – Richard-Aßmann-Observatory, operated by the German Meteorological Service (DWD). The ETr rates and soil water contents were compared with the results of a modelling approach consisting of the Penman-Monteith equation and the soil water balance model Hydrus-1D using a noncompensatory and a compensatory root-water uptake model. After optimization of soil hydraulic parameters by inverse modelling, using measured soil water contents as the objective function, simulated and measured model outputs showed good agreement for soil water contents above 90 cm depth and for ETr rates simulated by our modelling approaches using noncompensatory root-water uptake. The application of a compensatory root-water uptake model led to a decrease in the simulation quality for the total investigation period.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Wegehenkel, M. and Beyrich, F., 2014. Modelling of hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg, Germany. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (2), 376–394.