过去40年太湖剧烈的湖泊物理环境变化及其潜在生态环境意义

过去40年,全球气候变暖、辐射变暗和变亮、风速减弱、气候异常波动等自然环境变化以及筑坝建闸、岸堤硬质化和调水引流等强烈人类活动势必会深刻改变太湖湖泊物理环境和过程,驱动湖泊生态系统演化.基于历史文献、档案数据以及气象水文和透明度等长期观测数据,本文系统梳理了太湖气温、水温、风速、水位和透明度等物理环境空间分布和长期变化特征,探讨了气温和风速、水位和透明度相互协同作用机制及其潜在生态环境意义.受全球变化和城市化等影响,过去40年太湖气温和水温呈现显著升高趋势,而近地面风速则表现为持续下降,湖泊增温和风速下降有利于藻类生长和蓝藻水华漂浮聚集,某种程度上增加了蓝藻水华出现频次和集聚的面积.为防洪和满足流域日益增长的水资源需求,闸坝管控和调水引流使太湖水位呈现缓慢增加趋势,而入湖污染物增加和富营养化则造成水体透明度逐渐下降,致使透明度与水位(水深)的比值明显降低,减少了湖底可利用光强,恶化水下光环境,在一定程度上驱动了太湖水生植被和草型生态系统退化.湖泊物理环境长期变化逐渐拓展了太湖藻型生境空间而压缩了草型生境空间,加剧了草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化和增强了藻型生态系统的自我长期维持.太湖湖...     

Processes Causing the Temporal Changes in Si/N Ratios of Nutrient Consumptions and Export Flux during the Spring Diatom Bloom

Two processes are generally explained as causes of temporal changes in the stoichiometric silicon/nitrogen (Si/N) ratios of sinking particles and of nutrient consumption in the surface water during the spring diatom bloom: (1) physiological changes of diatom under the stress of photosynthesis of diatom and (2) differences of regeneration between silicon and nitrogen. We investigated which process plays an important role in these changes using a one-dimensional ecosystem model that explicitly represents diatom and the other non-silicious phytoplankton. The model was applied to station A7 (41°30′ N, 145°30′ E) in the western North Pacific, where diatom regularly blooms in spring. Model simulations show that the Si/N ratios of the flux exported by the sinking particles at 100 m depth and of nutrient consumptions in the upper 100 m surface water have their maxima at the end of the spring diatom bloom, the values and timings of which are significantly different from each other. Analyses of the model results show that the differences of regeneration between silicon and nitrogen mainly cause the temporal changes of the Si/N ratios. On the other hand, the physiological changes of diatoms under stress can hardly cause these temporal changes, because the effect of the change in the diatom's uptake ratio of silicon to nitrogen is cancelled by that in its sinking rate.     

前期风场控制的太湖北部湖湾水动力及对蓝藻水华影响

为明确前期风场对太湖北部湖湾水动力及蓝藻水华分布的影响,对2008年9月梅梁湾及贡湖湾水文、水质及气象开展了同步观测,结果表明:受前期东北风影响,梅梁湾及贡湖湾表层、中层及底层湖流流向均顺风向自湾内流向湾外,两个湖湾均不存在补偿流.表层湖流对风场变化响应敏感,而中场及底层流场对风场变化响应存在显著滞时.在偏南风作用下,梅梁湾表层湖流能快速形成顺时针环流.在偏西风作用下,贡湖湾表层湖流流向虽未发生偏转,但是湖流流速显著减小并导致流速沿水体垂向呈递增分布.观测期间水动力强度对太湖北部湖区叶绿素a浓度垂向分层及蓝藻水华水平漂移均具有重要影响.在水动力滞缓水域,蓝藻水华易在水表发生漂移堆积.在水动力强度较大水域,强烈的垂向混合作用能使蓝藻沿水深方向混合均匀,降低水华暴发风险.相对于水动力条件,营养盐对叶绿素a浓度空间分布的影响较弱.     

蓝藻水华暴发过程中的浮力调节机制

随着工业和经济的发展,水体富营养化以及由此导致的蓝藻水华现象频发,严重影响水生态安全及健康。蓝藻水华形成过程包括休眠、复苏、生物量增加以及上浮聚集形成肉眼可见的水华4个阶段。蓝藻自身的生长机制是引发水华的重要原因,其中浮力调节机制是其重要的生存策略之一,在春季复苏、夏季大量增长及最终上浮至水体表面形成水华阶段均具有重要作用。了解蓝藻浮力调节机制及其在水华过程中的作用对于了解蓝藻生长特性及水华形成机理具有重要意义。气囊及细胞镇重物是常见的浮力调节机制。除此以外,新的研究发现光照条件下单细胞蓝藻产生的大量氧气泡可促使蓝藻上浮至水面形成水华。同时,野外蓝藻常以群体状态存在,群体内部形成的细胞间隙及光照条件下产生的大量氧气是促使蓝藻上浮至水体表面的另一重要原因。野外蓝藻群体在其内部形成微环境,其理化性质可随外界环境的改变发生快速变化,群体内外微环境相互作用,共同影响群体内部细胞间隙中溶氧浓度及浮力。了解蓝藻浮力调节机制及群体内部微环境理化性质对深入了解蓝藻的生长特性及从微观层面分析水华形成机理具有重要意义。本文综述了水华暴发过程中蓝藻的主要浮力调节机制,以期为从微观层面探明蓝藻水华暴发机理提供...     

防海胆食害藻礁的设计及实验研究

人工藻礁是进行藻场建设的重要手段,但由于海胆等食藻类生物的摄食,将会影响藻类的生长,从而影响人工藻场的建设效果.为解决人工藻场建设中海胆的食害问题,从礁体自身设计出发,实验设计了8种不同形状的藻礁,选用光棘球海胆和中间球海胆为实验对象,观察比较了不同形状藻礁对海胆攀爬的阻碍效果,实验发现:侧周面为锯齿形或侧周面缠挂多孔柔性材料的礁型可有效阻止海胆攀爬,起到防止海胆摄食礁顶藻类的目的.研究结果为人工藻礁的设计提供了参考依据.     

Satellite detection of red tide in Ariake Sound, 1998–2001

High resolution SeaWiFS data was used to detect red tide events that occurred in the Ariake Sound, Japan, a small embayment known as one of the most productive areas in Japan. SeaWiFS chlorophyll data clearly showed that a large red tide event, which damaged seaweed (Nori) cultures, started early in December 2000 in Isahaya Bay, expanded to the whole sound and persisted to the end of February 2001. The monthly average of SeaWiFS data from May 1998 to December 2001 indicated that the chlorophyll peaks appeared twice a year, in early summer and in fall, after the peaks of rain and river discharge. The SeaWiFS data showed that the red tide event during 2000–2001 winter was part of the fall bloom; however, it started later and continued significantly longer than other years. Satellite ocean color data is useful to detect the red tide; however the algorithms require improvement to accurately estimate chlorophyll in highly turbid water and in red tide areas.     

滇池蓝藻水华发生频率与气象因子的关系

蓝藻水华暴发是在一定的营养、气候、水文条件和生态环境下形成的藻类过度繁殖和聚集的现象,是水体环境因子(如总氮、总磷、pH值、溶解氧)和气象因子综合作用的结果.然而滇池周年性水华暴发标志着滇池蓝藻水华在当前水质条件下,气象因子为关键影响因子.为了进一步探究滇池蓝藻水华发生与气象因子的规律,本文利用2010-2011年滇池蓝藻水华遥感监测资料与周边地面气象站逐月资料,研究滇池蓝藻水华月发生频率与月气象因子的关系.结果显示,滇池蓝藻水华发生频率与平均气温、最低气温、平均风速、累计日照时数和降雨量等气象因子均表现为显著相关,其中与日照时数和风速呈显著负相关.各因子中与风速的相关系数最高,说明滇池各月蓝藻水华发生频率高低与风速关系最为密切,进一步验证了在具备蓝藻水华发生所需营养盐条件下,水体稳定性对蓝藻水华发生的影响更为重要的结论.以上结果可为科学预测蓝藻水华发生,并采取相应措施减少其带来的影响提供理论依据.     

Eutrophication Dynamics of Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong

The time and spatial variation of water quality in Tolo Harbour, a eutrophic landlocked semi-enclosed bay frequented by algal blooms, is studied using a dynamic eutrophication model. Hourly changes of tide levels and currents are computed by a link-node model assuming M₂ tidal forcing. Phytoplankton growth is assumed to be limited by solar radiation, nitrogen and temperature. The model incorporates light acclimation by algae, self-shading, photosynthetic production, nutrient uptake, and a dynamic determination of the carbon to chlorophyll ratio. In particular, sediment-water-pollutant interactions are modelled via an anaerobic benthic layer segment. Using recorded pollution loads and environmental forcing as input, the model predictions of daily-averaged water quality are compared with the extensive water quality monitoring data of the Environmental Protection Department (EPD). The predicted spatial distribution and trends of algal biomass, inorganic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen (DO), as well as sediment oxygen demand (SOD), are in general agreement with field observations.     

典型风力条件及水力调度下太湖藻华高频时空动态监测

湖泊藻华问题已成为全球水生态环境领域面临的长期挑战,风力条件变化和引调水工程的水力调度能改变湖体水动力结构,对藻类的生长和聚集过程产生影响,进行该过程的精细化监测和机制分析对于湖泊藻华预报预警和应急处置具有重要意义。本研究基于Hiamwari-8/AHI卫星遥感高频监测数据,对比分析了归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)和浮游藻类指数(FAI) 3种不同指数对太湖藻华的反演效果,开展了典型风力条件下和水力调度下太湖藻华生消过程的持续监测分析。结果表明,FAI对藻华区域和非藻华区域的区分更加明显,其阈值提取的藻华面积与基于MODIS图像解译的藻华面积的相对误差最低,为-2.27%。当营养盐充足且水温持续保持在蓝藻大量生长增殖的阈值以上时,风力条件是导致太湖藻类迁移聚集的关键因子,风向主要影响藻类的水平迁移,使其进行方向性迁移并逐渐形成大面积藻华区域。风速主要影响藻类的垂向迁移并存在临界阈值,当风速低于约2.5 m/s的临界风速时,藻华面积随风速增加而增加;当风速高于临界风速时,藻华面积随风速增加而降低。水力调度对距离较近的贡湖湾区域具有显著影响,主要通过水动力扰动来影响...     

Phytoplankton dynamics associated with the monsoon in the Sulu Sea as revealed by pigment signature

Phytoplankton dynamics during the northeast monsoon was investigated in the Sulu Sea from algal pigment analysis. We visited the Sulu Sea in February 2000, a mid period of the northeast monsoon, and in November and December 2002, the beginning of the northeast monsoon. SeaWiFS images showed generally low concentrations of surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) during the southwest monsoon and higher concentrations with several peaks during the northeast monsoon. In the beginning of the northeast monsoon, subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM) occurred, where vertical variation in class-specific composition as estimated from pigment signatures was prominent. Prochlorococcus, cyanobacteria, prymnesiophytes and crysophytes were important groups above the SCM, and the contribution of cyanobacteria to Chl a became much lower at and below the SCM. Contributions of chlorophytes and prasinophytes to Chl a generally showed maxima near the SCM. This distribution was accompanied by vertical changes in the concentration of photoprotective pigments relative to photosynthetic accessory pigments. During the mid northeast monsoon, the upward supply of nutrients was probably enhanced at some stations due to vertical mixing, and as a consequence diatoms dominated in the upper 100 m water column of these stations, and other eukaryotic flagellates including prymnesiophytes, chrysophytes and cryptophytes were secondary major components of the community. The elevation of Chl a concentration and changes in phytoplankton community during the northeast monsoon likely influence the variation in biological production at higher trophic levels in the Sulu Sea.