节能减排与中国经济的低碳发展

自1978年实行改革开放以来,中国走的是一条赶超型或压缩型的工业化道路。伴随着经济的高速增长,发达国家上百年工业化过程中分阶段出现的种种资源和环境问题在中国集中显现。面对资源短缺、环境污染和气候变化对经济增长的瓶颈性约束,国家在"十一五"规划纲要中提出了节能减排的具体目标。文章概述了"十一五"规划提出节能减排目标的背景,分析了其对控制温室气体排放的重要意义,总结了目前节能减排工作取得的成绩和存在的困难,提出了中国发展低碳经济的政策建议。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from rural household biomass burning in a typical Chinese village

Biomass energy sources are still popular in the rural areas of developing countries for cooking and space heating. Since the incomplete combustion of agricultural residues in home-made ranges might lead to both outdoor and indoor air pollution and cause potential health threat to the rural population, we monitored the ambient levels of 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a typical rural site. Ambient particulate PAH samples (PM2.5 and PM10) were taken during both cooking and non-cooking periods. Source emission monitoring was also conducted for both improved and tra- ditional cooking stoves used in the area. Ambient PAHs had a significant increase during the cooking periods and varied from 72.1 to 554.4 ng/m3. The highest total PAH levels were found during the supper cooking time, in which five- and six-ring species accounted for a large proportion. The observed PAH levels during cooking periods at this rural site were even higher than those in urban areas. A good correlation was found between the benzo[a]pyrene level and the total PAH concentration (r=0.98), making benzo[a]pyrene a potential molecular marker for PAH pollution in the rural areas, where bio- mass burning is typical. The profiles of the particulate PAHs in both ambient air and source emissions showed a high proportion of high molecular-mass PAHs. In addition, emission factors of 16 PAHs from an improved household stove were found to be significantly lower than those from traditional stoves used in China and in other Asian countries.     

声波从海底沉积层上的反射

假设海底为一液态层复盖一孔隙弹性固体半空间,用声阻抗的概念,导出了其上的声反射系数的唯象公式。再将松散的沙（泥）质沉积物中的声阻抗的表式用于液态层,建立了反射系数与沙（泥）质沉积物的具体参数的联系。文末对高声频情况下的海底上的声反射系数进行了简化。并对几个特例作了数值计算。     

同水平煤层相对瓦斯涌出量的回归分析模型

利用数理统计学原理,建立了淮南谢二矿-450m水平不同煤层的相对瓦斯涌出量与煤层厚度、煤层结构破碎程度的回归分析模型,表明在同一地质单元同水平条件下,煤层厚度越大,结构越破碎,其相对瓦斯涌出量越大。      

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定碳酸盐岩石中19个元素

使用ＪＹ７０Ｐ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,分别考察了一些主要基体对待测元素的各种干扰。综合各种干扰因素,采用干扰系数校正法消除综合干扰,拟定了适用于包括碳酸盐岩石的区域化探样品中１９ 个元素的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱同时测定方法。１９ 个元素的测定限在０ ．２０ ～８ ．０ μｇ／ｇ 。对碳酸盐岩石国家一级标准物质ＧＢＷ０７１０８ 进行检测,各元素的结果与标准值吻合,相对标准偏差（ｎ ＝ １１） 在１ ．２ ％ ～５ ．３ ％ 。     

新型氢化物发生技术—可移动还原床氢化物发生器：Ⅱ.干扰及其应用

新型的氢化物发生技术－可移动还原床氢化物发生器可以实现微升级样品的测定而不需要对样品进行酸化和使用气－液分离器。应用ＭＲＢＨＧ－电感耦合等离子体发射光谱取得了同等质量的而不同形态的Ａｓ,Ｓｅ的相同信号强度,证明了在ＭＲＢＨＧ体系中氢化物元素之间的干扰得到消除,方法用于合金钢,富硒茶叶等实际样品的测定,标准加入的回收率在９３％－１１４％。     

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology

This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles.     

频率编码水声遥控指令的抗多途对策

浅海信道中,多途干扰是水声遥控指令可靠检测的首要障碍,本文探讨频率编码遥控指令的抗多途对策,即通过阻塞多途来削落多途干扰。     

非均匀温度状态下声学验潮仪潮高示值修正

本文主要介绍了非均匀温度状态下声学验潮仪潮高示值修正公式的推导、误差分析及应用验证。