新疆阿勒泰地区地气温差变化特征分析

利用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1963-2004年0 cm地温和气温月平均资料,采用统计法、趋势和突变检验方法,分析了该地区地气温差的时空演变特征及突变.研究表明:该地区地气温差6月最大,12月最小;暖季最大,冬季最小,常年存在随季节变化的高低值区域与海拔和地形有关.地气温差受大尺度气候异常的影响,第一载荷向量场反映全区一致的性质,第二、三载荷向量场具有南北差异和东西差异.线性趋势分析表明,地气温差12月-次年2月呈显著下降趋势,4-9月和年均呈显著上升趋势,过渡季节3月和10-11月趋势变化不显著.突变检验表明,10-11月、12月-次年2月该地区地气温差在20世纪60年代末到70年代初发生了显著的突变,与其他文献的结论不同;3月、4-9月和年均在20世纪70年代末到80年代初发生了显著的突变,与其他文献的结论及新疆气候的突变较为一致.     

青藏高原新生代地堑构造研究中几个问题的讨论

青藏高原新生代近南北走向地堑构造是高原现今最为显著的构造现象,对探讨青藏高原构造演化具有重要意义,也是现今高原研究的热点构造问题之一。针对目前地堑构造研究中存在的分布范围、形成时代和形成机制等关键问题,根据笔者新的研究和对以往研究资料综合分析认为,地堑构造广泛发育于喜马拉雅地体、冈底斯地体和羌塘地体,地堑构造形成于14～7Ma。地堑构造是高原地壳南北向强烈挤压短缩隆升之后,构造体制发生转变并在深部热动力学机制作用下快速隆升的结果,地堑构造标志着高原隆升作用由早期挤压短缩机制向晚期深部热动力机制的转变,并非高原隆升达到最大高度重力塌陷的标志。     

汾渭裂谷系与造山带耦合关系及其形成机制研究

试图运用盆山耦合等地学理论,对汾渭裂谷系进行初步的定量半定量研究。认为在区域拉张应力场作用下,汾渭裂谷系为盆山耦合形成,其形成模型为“伸展造山,断陷沉盆,后推成台”;运用盆内沉积与造山带剥蚀量互补法、地震剖面拟合法、裂变径迹法等计算方法对其进行计算的结果表明,铲式断裂一侧造山带隆升与盆地下沉呈完全镜像对称关系。同时对大同一带新生代玄武岩特征进行了分析,认为软流圈上涌是该带玄武岩喷发的根源,并通过对该区地震层析和大地电磁测深的剖析,推断汾渭裂谷系主体形成机制应为被动机制,而其北部的桑干河断陷形成机制则为主动机制。此外,对汾渭裂谷系的地热资源及地震震中分布规律等进行了探讨。     

近40a来长江流域≥10℃积温的时空变化特征

基于1970―2013 年长江流域131 个气象站点的日平均气温数据,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、M-K 检验及滑动T 检验等方法分析了该区≥10℃积温的时空变化特征。结果表明：1）突变时间较早的区域主要有嘉陵江流域,中游干流区,太湖流域和下游干流区（1997 年）;而岷江、沱江流域,鄱阳湖流域和洞庭湖流域较晚（2001年）;长江源头的金沙江流域最晚（2002 年）。2）在区域尺度上,1970 年以来,北亚热带、中亚热带和高原气候区日平均气温≥10℃积温的初日分别以-1.25、-1.39、-0.8 d/10 a 提前,终日分别以1.52、1.43、1.47 d/10 a 推后,持续日数以2.97、2.92、4.62 d/10 a 幅度延长。积温总体上分别以113.5、88.8、77.3℃/10 a 增加。3）≥10℃积温的年际变化存在明显的空间差异,积温增加幅度较大的地区主要集中在汉中―奉节―五峰―吉首―武冈―道县以东的长江中下游地区以及四川盆地、云贵高原、青海高原的个别站点。     

Estimation of the surface uplift due to fluid injection into a reservoir with a clayey interbed

Injecting fluid into subsurface reservoirs is a hydromechanical coupling process that can induce heaving of the ground surface. The presence of clayey interbeds in the reservoir can have considerable influence on the surface uplift. We used a numerical method to investigate this process. We found that different locations have different impacts on the surface uplift. We applied the orthogonal experimental design using the Taguchi method for extensive parametric analysis and determined the most influential factor. Finally, we analyzed the low-permeable effect of the interbed due to its low permeability, compared to the reservoir.     

Investigation of Arctic air temperature extremes at north of 60°N in winter

Air temperature is a key index reflecting climate change. Air temperature extremes are very important because they strongly influence the natural environment and societal activities. The Arctic air temperature extremes north of 60°N are investigated in the winter. Daily data from 238 stations at north of 60°N from the global summary of the day for the period 1979–2015 are used to study the trends of cold days, cold nights, warm days and warm nights during the wintertime. The results show a decreasing trend of cold days and nights(rate of –0.2 to –0.3 d/a) and an increasing trend of warm days and nights(rate of +0.2 to +0.3 d/a) in the Arctic. The mean temperature increases,which contributes to the increasing(decreasing) occurrence of warm(cold) days and nights. On the other hand,the variance at most stations decreased, leading to a reduced number of cold events. A positive AO(Arctic Oscillation) index leads to an increased(decreased) number of warm(cold) days and nights over northern Europe and western Russia and an increased(decreased) number of cold(warm) days and nights over the Bering Strait and Greenland. The lower extent of Arctic autumn sea ice leads to a decreased number of cold days and nights.The occurrences of abrupt changes are detected using the Mann-Kendall method for cold nights occurring in Canada in 1998 and for warm nights occurring in northwestern Eurasia in 1988. This abrupt change mainly resulted from the mean warming induced by south winds and an increased North Atlantic sea surface temperature.     

Centrifuge evaluation of the influential factors in the uplift capacity of suction foundations in clay

The passive suction of suction foundations plays a significant role in pull-out resistance. The factors influencing the uplift capacity include stress state, embedment ratio, and loading rate. This article investigates the effect of embedment ratio and loading rate on the bearing behavior of suction foundations using centrifuge testing. A series of uplift tests on a suction foundation in clay were performed using a beam centrifuge. During the tests, uplift displacement, suction, and loading rate were monitored. The suction was obtained by measurement of water pressure. To compare the influence of different factors on uplift capacity due to passive suction, two types of uplift tests were conducted; the first was on the closed caisson and the second was on the vented caisson. The results show that the pull-out resistance increased with an increase of the uplift loading rate, which was induced by the suction. The maximum resistance occurred when the upward displacements reached 14%D under a ratio of skirt length (L) to diameter (D) (L/D) of 0.5 and 17%D under an L/D ratio of 2. These findings provide a way for suction caissons to resist pull-out load or for structures to be removed from the seabed.     

Foldback reflectors near methane hydrate bottom‐simulating reflectors: Indicators of gas distribution from 3D seismic images in the eastern Nankai Trough

Understanding of fluid behavior and gas distribution in the shallow subsurface are important considerations in gas hydrate formation and the global carbon cycle. Estimation of gas distribution based on reflection seismic surveys, however, is difficult because the boundary of a gas‐bearing zone is indistinct and not systematically defined. This study reports distinctive features related to gas‐hydrate distribution and possible fluid migration in high‐resolution 3D seismic‐reflection data from sediments of the eastern Nankai Trough. These features, here termed foldback reflectors (FBRs), descend in accordion shaped reflectors near the edges of bottom‐simulating reflectors (BSRs). FBRs generally correspond to lateral boundaries between two seismic facies, a ‘dimmed’ facies with relatively low amplitude and subdued high‐frequency components beneath the BSR and the contrasting facies around the BSR. The dimmed facies corresponds to areas of anomalously low velocity consistent with a small amount of free gas. FBR is mostly developed in well‐stratified formations in uplifted regions. Dip directions of the FBR appear to be restricted by orientation of the host formations. Edges of the FBR often correspond to high‐amplitude layers. Such occurrences of FBR suggest that regional uplift and layer‐parallel fluid migration are related to the formation of FBR as well as BSR.     

输电线路掏挖基础极限上拔承载力变分解法

针对输电线路掏挖基础极限上拔承载力问题,根据塑性极限平衡原理,假设基础周围土体发生整体剪切破坏并服从Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,建立静力学平衡方程式,并结合变分法原理求解不同加载条件下基础的极限抗拔力。通过变参数计算,分析土体强度及基础埋深比对中心上拔、偏心上拔及倾斜上拔时基础极限上拔力的影响。经归一化处理,分别给出水平力和弯矩存在对基础抗拔力折减的影响系数。当归一化弯矩与上拔力比值Nm 0.4时,? m减小速度放缓。相对于内摩擦角,黏聚力变化对? m的影响更明显。水平力影响系数? h同时受到土体内摩擦角、黏聚力以及基础埋深比的共同影响,规范建议值较变分解法的计算结果偏大。通过与规范公式法计算结果及试验结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的合理性和准确性。研究结果为偏心上拔及高露头基础顶部作用水平荷载时基础抗拔承载力的计算提供参考。     

基于试桩试验的桩侧注浆抗拔桩承载变形特性的荷载传递法

依托上海虹桥综合交通枢纽工程开展了4组桩侧注浆抗拔桩的现场试桩试验,得到了各试桩各土层的桩侧摩阻力与桩土相对位移关系曲线（?-w曲线）。首先,对前述现场试桩试验得到的?-w曲线以及文献[1]中通过桩土接触面大型直剪试验得到的?-w曲线进行归一化处理,归一化参数为各土层极限侧摩阻力?ult及其相应的临界桩土相对位移wult;然后采用双曲线函数拟合归一化后的各土层?/?ult-w/wult曲线,得到一个统一的?/?ult-w/wult函数关系式;最后,将该双曲线函数应用到荷载传递法中,用于分析预测桩侧注浆抗拔桩的承载变形特性,可求得桩侧注浆抗拔桩桩身各处的荷载-位移曲线、桩身轴力分布曲线以及桩侧摩阻力分布曲线。通过工程案例的验证表明,其计算结果与工程案例实测值较接近,在上海地区具有一定的适用性。