Effect of drainage area on hypsometry from an analysis of small-scale drainage basins in the Siwalik Hills (Central Nepal)

Hypsometry of drainage basins (area–elevation analysis) has generally been used to infer the stage of geomorphic development and to study the influence of varying forcing factors (i.e. tectonics, climate, lithology) on topography. However, the scale dependence of hypsometry has generally been neglected. In order to assess the scale dependence of hypsometry, this study focuses on the sensitivity of hypsometry to different Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolutions and on the influence of drainage area. Hypsometry inferred from different DEMs is shown to be robust against variations of their resolution. However, hypsometry appears to be dependent on drainage area. We propose that this scale dependence may reflect the varying importance of river and hillslope processes with basin area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

季风指数及其年际变化Ⅱ.南海夏季风分量动能强度指数及其年际变化

计算了各年南海夏季风建立前后流场的场相似度、场比幅、季风分量动能强度指数和突变度.指出按变差度最大或相似度绝对值最小及其变化最陡以及比幅最小,可客观定量地定出季风来临的预兆日期,在大多年份该日期比用天气气候学方法得到的季风来临(爆发)日期要早些,且两者有较好正相关.绝大多数年份季风建立时有环流突变发生,但也有少数年份呈调和变化或二次突变.季风分量动能强度指数能够反映各年南海夏季风建立后的强度.最后分析指出,南海850hPa夏季风的前兆日期,突变度和强度指数都有明显的年际和年代际变化.     

平推式滑坡运动距离计算模型

平推式滑坡是四川盆地红层地区和三峡库区普遍存在的一类十分特殊的滑坡。多发育于近水平砂、泥岩互层的斜坡中,岩层倾角一般仅3°～5°,最陡者也不超过10°。基于平推式滑坡的地质力学模型及运动过程分析,利用能量守恒的原理推导了平推式滑坡运动距离的理论计算公式。进行了3组物理模型模拟试验,第Ⅰ组试验模拟滑坡后部裂缝在不同宽度及水头高度作用下滑坡体的运动距离,对推导的理论公式进行校验。通过对比分析认为,平推式滑坡前缘剪出口地下水排泄状态呈少量点状排泄时,滑坡基底扬压力分布形态整体上与矩形更加接近。为了进一步校验理论公式,进行了第Ⅱ组、第Ⅲ组试验,每组分别固定初始水头高度和初始裂缝宽度,模型设置了前缘整体渗水和完全堵塞两种情况。物理模拟试验验证了理论公式的可靠性和适用性。将理论公式应用于狮子山滑坡运动距离的计算,应用结果表明计算公式适用性良好。研究成果对平推式滑坡防治具有一定的指导意义。     

平推式滑坡中底滑面承压水渗流形式对其稳定性的影响

研究平推式滑坡中承压水渗流形式对滑坡稳定性的影响,有利于准确评价斜坡稳定性,对此类滑坡的成灾机制研究具有重要的理论指导意义。基于承压水渗流宽度变化规律,将平推式滑坡中底滑面承压水渗流形式分为辐射流和非辐射流。依据不同的渗流形式,构建了相应的平推式滑坡分析模型,结合地下水向河渠稳定运动相关理论,推导了不同模型中承压水的水头线方程和滑面上扬压力的计算公式,提出了扬压力的3种分布形式,并对平推式滑坡启动判据进行修正,最后结合滑坡实例分析了不同渗流形式对滑坡稳定性的影响规律。     

广西大瑶山地区加里东期石英脉型金矿：上木水金矿白云母Ar-Ar年龄约束

石英脉型金矿是广西大瑶山地区主要的金矿床类型之一,但一直没有高精度的年龄数据约束其成矿时代。论文首次 对大瑶山南部广西苍梧县上木水石英脉型金矿中的热液白云母进行39Ar/40Ar年龄法测年,获得坪年龄为（432.6 ± 3.2）Ma,相应 的等时线年龄为（428.2 ± 7.2）Ma,反等时线年龄为（425.3 ± 6.6）Ma,表明其成矿时代为加里东期。这一数据进一步证明 大瑶山南部的古龙-夏郢环形成矿区主要以加里东期矿化为主,除了与加里东期岩浆岩有关的斑岩-矽卡岩型钨多金属矿化 外,还存在石英脉型金矿。同时,位于大瑶山中部沿区域性大黎断裂分布的六岑-桃花-古袍金矿田的石英脉型金矿时代仍 然不明确,还需要进一步的高精度测年数据来约束。     

第四纪以来天津北部燕山隆升与山前盆地的形成*

文中报道了天津市北部燕山山前地带共4个高岩心采取率钻孔的沉积学、地层学、年代学和微体古生物综合研究。420个热退磁样品的磁倾角曲线显示,具147 m厚松散地层的标准孔Z3孔下部地层属于2.58 Ma的松山(Matuyama)极性带。随着地壳沉降,只是从早更新世,冲积扇侧缘泥质沉积物才开始充填了底砾岩层之上的沉积空间,形成广义的山前盆地中的泛滥平原;与传统上视为上新统特征沉积的红棕色黏土类似的亮黄橙-黄橙色-亮红棕色黏土,延续出现到早更新世中期,当时区域沉降中心位于距离山前断裂不足4 km处。0.78 Ma以来的布容(Brunhes)极性带厚57.8 m。谨慎地依据120 ka的布莱克(Blake)亚时确定上更新统后,可见中更新统大部缺失,与天津市区沧县隆起和北京永定河冲积平原南部所见此时的地层间断十分相近。3个钻孔的7个¹⁴C测年数据证实,距离山前断裂不足2 km的钻孔45 ka以来的地层最厚达41 m;显示自MIS3初始期,沉降中心向北迁移更靠近山前断裂,且在构造断裂作用下形成了新的狭义的山前盆地。研究区可见15 ka富有机质黏土及上覆泥炭,表明末次冰消期开始的气候转暖首先影响到华北平原山前地区。此项工作为研究晚新生代以来“源到汇”过程中渤海湾西岸的沉降提供了一个基准点。     

Numerical investigation of the uplift performance of prestressed fiber-reinforced polymer floating piles

Finite element analyses of prestressed fiber-reinforced polymer floating piles subjected to uplift force have been conducted in this paper. First, parameters of the modified BPE model (bond–slip model at the fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete interface) were calibrated using existing pullout testing data on fiber-reinforced polymer rebars embedded in concrete. Nonlinear spring elements were used in numerical modeling to characterize the bond–slip behavior at the fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete interface. A parametric study was performed to assess the influence of rebar diameter, fiber-reinforced polymer material, embedment length, and concrete strength on the mobilized bond stress. Upon the successful modeling of the pullout performance of fiber-reinforced polymer rebars in concrete, numerical models were developed to investigate the dependence of the uplift performance of floating piles on the prestress level, uplift force, fiber-reinforced polymer type, and compressive strength of concrete.     

1958-2016年呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗气温和降水变化特征

气候变化是影响草原区植被与环境状况的重要因素。利用呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗1958-2016年的气温和降水数据资料,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平分析法、M-K检验法和Morlet小波分析等方法,从不同时间序列上,对该地区近59年的气候变化趋势、极端气候以及突变现象进行分析。结果表明：年平均气温以0.354℃/10a的速率上升,上升趋势显著;四季平均气温均呈现增温趋势,其中春季增温趋势最大;1985-1986年发生了由低温到高温的突变;研究区年平均气温存在11 a的强显著周期。研究区年降水量整体以8.68 mm/10a的速率呈下降趋势,变化趋势不显著;降水集中在夏季（6-8月）,占全年降水量的72.9%,7月降水量最大,有效降水日数最多;1961-1962年和1981-1982年降水发生突变;极端降水指标中日最大降水量、连续5 d最大降水量、强降水量、极强降水量、强降水比率、连续无雨日数、零降水量日数均呈现递减趋势,仅降水强度呈递增趋势,变化趋势均不显著;Morlet小波分析表明研究区年降水量存在52 a的强显著周期。新巴尔虎右旗近59 a气候总体呈现干旱化趋势。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组油藏特征及成藏主控因素

对准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组已发现油藏从层位、规模、油性、物性、物源、类型等方面进行了梳理和总结。沙湾组共发育岩性、断层-岩性、断鼻三类圈闭,储层特征与油藏规模存在差异,油性分布较复杂。在明确沙湾组复杂油藏特征的基础上,结合典型油藏解剖,认为长期继承性的古隆起、高效的毯状砂体输导层、断层纵横向的封闭性、储集层物性的差异、多源多期成藏过程及不同的保存条件是沙湾组油气藏类型多样、油性复杂的主要控制因素。根据上述认识,预测毯状砂体侧向尖灭带为有利的油气聚集区,从实钻效果看,该区带内油气显示丰富,展现出较好的勘探前景。     

Determinants of sediment properties and organic matter in beach and dune environments based on boosted regression trees

Grain size properties and the variation of organic matter in coastal beach and dune environments are assumed to be controlled by the intensity of aeolian processes, time and the sediment source. However, assumptions are based on relatively limited empirical studies. In this study, we examined which environmental variables are the main predictors of multiple topsoil properties. To achieve this, we analysed an extensive dataset systematically collected across all beach zones and a large geographical area at the Finnish Baltic Sea coast characterized by post‐glacial land uplift. We included a comprehensive set of predictors in the analysis and applied boosted regression trees, a modern modelling technique particularly suited for analysis without prior assumptions of the data model. The results suggest that mean grain size and sorting are mainly determined by northing and fetch. Northing, disturbance and fetch predicted the variation of soil organic matter while litter cover was strongly related to disturbance. Based on the analyses, we were able to identify the main drivers of multiple topsoil properties on land uplift beaches. Parent material is suggested to determine sediment textural properties, which largely masks the effects of transient processes. Mean grain size and sorting are highly interdependent: grains become finer and sorting improves with increasing shore exposure. The intensity of momentary geomorphic processes controls the accumulation of litter whereas the slower accumulation of organic matter in the soil is influenced also by the static exposure setting. Skewness and kurtosis of the grain size distribution are mainly influenced by unmeasured processes, potentially relating to the geomorphological origin of the sediment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.