尼日尔Termit盆地古近系构造样式及其对油气聚集的控制作用

尼日尔Termit盆地主要发育早白垩世和始新世-渐新世两个裂陷旋回,其起源于不同的动力学背景和运动学机制,相应表现出不同的盆地性质。其中古近纪始新世-渐新世第二裂陷旋回受区域挤压应力环境下的非洲板块内部局部应力释放控制,具有逃逸盆地的性质,在盆地内部表现为典型走滑伸展特征。该旋回在第一期NW-SE控盆断裂基础上发育了NNW-SSE断裂体系,盆地整体呈现地堑地垒和半地堑结构,北部为双断结构地堑,南部为西断东超多米诺半地堑结构。古近系断裂的斜向拉张作用形成了大量雁列式正断层,以软连接方式相连,在二级构造单元内发育了大量构造调节带,分为同向型、对向型和背向型3大类,以同向叠覆型、对向平行型和背向叠覆型为主,成为Termit盆地最主要的构造调节带样式。古近纪始新世-渐新世第二裂陷旋回及其构造样式控制了盆地沉积体系,在始新世Sokor1初始裂陷期形成了三角洲湖泊沉积体系、渐新世-早中新世Sokor2深陷期沉积了湖相泥岩,形成了盆地主力储盖组合。同时,该旋回的构造调节作用形成了大量断块和断鼻/断背斜构造,成为Termit盆地的主要圈闭类型。渐新世-早中新世的深陷期导致断层沟通白垩系成熟烃源岩,在盆地内发生广泛的垂向和侧向运移,该时期断层的活动强度决定了古近系油气分布和富集程度。Sokor1和Sokor2段中下部岩性圈闭及Sokor2段成藏组合是Termit盆地的下步勘探领域。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘上三叠统长8段砂岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘上三叠统延长组长8是该区油藏的主力储集层,主要为一套湖泊-三角洲相砂岩,储集岩主要为长石砂岩及长石岩屑砂岩。以岩心观察为基础,结合薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、压汞测试、X-衍射、包裹体测温、Ro测定等方法认为,研究区延长组砂岩经历了压实、胶结、溶解、交代等成岩作用,成岩阶段已达中成岩阶段A期。成岩作用成为控制该区物性的一个关键因素,早期的机械压实和胶结作用使原生孔隙大量丧失,有机质分解形成的酸性流体使储集层中长石等易溶组分的溶蚀对储层物性起到重要的改善作用,成岩阶段后期以（含铁）碳酸盐胶结物为主的胶结又使砂岩致密化。成岩作用中的孔隙演化特征对鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组低渗透储集层的开发具有积极的意义。     

REGULATION OF FLOW AND SEDIMENT LOAD IN THE YELLOW RIVER

Small runoff, large sediment load, and incompatible relationship of flow and sediment load are very important characteristics of the Yellow River. They are also the crux of the most prominent problems of the Yellow River. To solve these problems, the regimes of flow and sediment load have to be improved by increasing water, reducing sediment load, and by using reservoirs to regulate flow and sediment load. The results of experiments for regulating the flow and sediment load in the last three years by the Xiaolangdi Reservoir have indicated that this measure is a realistic and effective way to mitigate the prominent problems in flood control of the Lower Yellow River at present and in the near future. However, the regulation system is still imperfect. It is advisable to speed up the pace of research and construction of the system for regulating flow and sediment load.     

流域尺度的不透水面遥感提取

一个地区的不透水面覆盖度不仅是该地区城镇化程度重要指示因子,也是该地区生态环境状况的重要指示因子.现有的不透水面遥感提取方法,多集中在城区尺度上.而流域尺度上快速、准确的不透水面遥感提取方法在国内外还鲜有研究.本研究以覆盖海河流域同一季节的Landsat影像为数据源,利用已有土地利用数据集中的道路、城市、农村和工业用地...     

晋豫间黄河峡谷黄土状沙丘的光释光年代学探讨

通过对风陵渡-三门峡晋豫间黄河峡谷的地貌考察和 1 :50000 地形图(1970年)的分析,初步查明了黄河南岸黄土状沙丘的分布特征。选取河南省灵宝市豫灵镇阌底约75m高的黄土状沙丘剖面进行了观测和取样。根据该剖面的粒度分布特点,选取中颗粒(40~90μm)石英进行了光释光(OSL)测年研究。采用简化SAR法测量样品的等效剂量(De),其中5个样品与SAR法测量的De值对比,结果在误差范围内一致。对阌底剖面自上而下19个样品运用简化SAR法做了OSL年龄测定,其中8个还进行了4~11μm细颗粒石英简易多测片再生法(SMAR)OSL测年,两个粒级石英的OSL年龄测定值在测量误差范围内一致。初步结果表明,晋豫间黄河峡谷阌底黄土状沙丘发育不晚于距今约5.5万年前,并延续到全新世初期,风沙堆积速率在3.2万年前后曾出现显著变化。     

白龙江下游涉核地区的放射性环境水平现状调查

通过对白龙江下游涉核地区及周边地区的汽车能谱测量和地面伽玛能谱测量以及空气中的氡浓度的监测,得出区内各地层中的U、Th、K含量均符合当地各地层的特性,与当地本底基本一致,空气氡浓度范围为183.9~305.8 Bq/m3,均属正常,符合当地的天然放射性环境情况,对环境无任何影响。     

Mantle plumes and the metamorphism of the lower crust and their influence on basin evolution

Since the stretching model appears to be not applicable to the subsidence of accretionary crust, basins located on this crust type may have an alternative origin. Examples of such basins are the West Siberia Basin and the North German Basin. Both basins showed intensive volcanism and magmatism during the initial phase of their development. Remarkably, the West Siberia Basin is closely located to the (hotspot related) Siberian flood basalts with a similar Permo-Triassic age, and the location of the North German Basin in Permian times is identical with the present day position of the Tibesti hotspot in Northern Africa. These two basins may have specific relations to hotspot heat sources of the Earth's underlying mantle. Due to these heat sources, thermal metamorphism within the lower layers of the (accretionary) crust may occur, resulting in rock density increase and subsequent shrinkage of the affected rock volumes. These shrinkage processes will lead to the development of topographic lows, their filling with sediments, and the subsequent start of an exponentially declining isostatic/metamorphic basin subsidence. In addition to the analyses of metamorphic processes, potential field anomalies, temperature fields, and histories of subsidence have been integrated into one single model that can explain the development of the North German Basin. Similarly, the East African Rift and Eifel Hotspots affected parts of the overriding continental plates. The East African Rift Hotspot can be traced back to the Afar flood basalts and the Dniepr–Donets Basin, whereas the Eifel Hotspot can be linked to the North Sea Basin. Continental drift templates, present day hotspot locations, flood basalt areas, metamorphic facies as function of temperature, and crust categories are taken as published in recent literature.     

基于恒速压汞技术研究页岩气储层孔隙结构:以湘西北地区五峰组页岩为例

页岩气储层孔隙结构是页岩气富集成藏、储层评价和优选有利区的关键参数,区分孔隙和喉道是表征页岩气储层孔隙结构的关键。本文选择4块具有不同渗透率的湘西北地区奥陶系五峰组页岩为研究对象,基于恒速压汞实验讨论孔隙和喉道的大小、分布特征及其相互关系以及与渗透率的联系。结果表明:具有不同渗透率的页岩样品表现为较为相近的孔径分布特征但差异较大的喉道分布特征。页岩样品渗透率的大小与孔隙半径没有明显相关关系;喉道大小及其分布特征是控制低渗储层孔隙结构的关键要素之一。渗透率较低页岩样品的喉道以喉道半径小且集中分布为特征,而渗透率较大页岩样品的喉道以喉道半径大呈分散分布但主要以大喉道为特征。喉道特征是研究页岩气储层储集空间和吸附能力的重要部分,在以后对页岩气的勘探开发中应特别注意及重视。     

Variation of reactivity of particulate and sedimentary organic matter along the Zhujiang River Estuary

To investigate organic matter source and reactivity in the Zhujiang River (Pearl River)Estuary and its adjacent areas, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate hydrolysable amino acids (PHAA), and Chl a during two cruises in July 1999 and July 2000 were measured. The highest POC and PHAA concentration was observed in the waters with maximum Chl a. The spectra distribution,relative content (dry weight in milligram per gram), PHAA-C% POC and other indicators such as the ratios of amino acids vs. amino sugars (AA/AS) and glucosamine vs. galactosamine (Glum/Gal) suggested that particulate amino acids in the water column and sediments in the Zhujiang River Estuary were mainly derived from biogenic processes rather than transported from terrestrial erosion. In inner estuary where high turbidity was often observable, organic matter was mainly contributed by re-suspension of bottom sediments with revealed zooplankton, microbial reworked characteristics, which suggest that these organic matters were relatively “old“. In the estuarine brackish region, organic matter in water column is mainly contributed by relatively fresh, easily degradable phytoplankton derived organic matter.During physical - biological processes within the eastuary, organic matter derived from phytoplankton was subjected to alteration by zooplankton grazing and bacterial reworking.     

Scale effects of eroded sediment transport in Wujiang River Basin,Guizhou Province,China

In recent years, research on spatial scale and scale transformation of eroded sediment transport has become a forefront field in current soil erosion research, but there are very few studies on the scale effect problem in Karst regions of China. Here we quantitatively extracted five main factors influencing soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover and management, soil and water conservation, and slope length and steepness. Regression relations were built between these factors and also the sediment transport modulus and drainage area, so as to initially analyze and discuss scale effects on sediment transport in the Wujiang River Basin (WRB). The size and extent of soil erosion influencing factors in the WRB were gauged from: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), precipitation data, land use, soil type and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and observed data from hydrometric stations. We find that scaling effects exist between the sediment transport modulus and the drainage area. Scaling effects are expressed after logarithmic transformation by a quadratic function regression relationship where the sediment transport modulus increases before decreasing, alongside changes in the drainage area. Among the five factors influencing soil erosion, slope length and steepness increases first and then decreases, alongside changes in the drainage area, and are the main factors determining the relationship between sediment transport modulus and drainage area. To eliminate the influence of scale effects on our results, we mapped the sediment yield modulus of the entire WRB, adopting a 1 000 km2 standard area with a smaller fitting error for all sub-basins, and using the common Kriging interpolation method.