2016年门源6.4级地震地磁谐波振幅比异常特征分析

2016年门源6.4级地震为甘—青地区孤立地震事件,且震中附近地磁台站分布均匀,分析总结此次地震前后地磁谐波振幅比变化特征。结果显示：①地震发生前后,震中附近台站地磁谐波振幅比下降—转折—恢复的异常变化过程,持续时间约1—2年;②震中距较小的台站记录显示,地震基本发生在谐波振幅比曲线转折恢复的变化后期阶段,且异常持续时间长;震中距较大的台站记录显示,地震一般发生在曲线趋势性下降—转折阶段,且异常持续时间稍短;③地震发生后,距震中较近的台站1年内Y_ZHx（NS）和Y_ZHy（WE）方向所有或大部分周期基本趋于恢复状态,且同步变化;距震中较远的台站1年内Y_ZHx（NS）和Y_ZHy（WE）方向大部分周期未达到恢复状态,且不同步变化显著。     

2016年广西苍梧MS 5.4地震前华南地区连续重力扰动异常分析

收集华南地区8个重力台站gPhone/PET相对重力仪观测原始秒数据,对记录的2016年广西苍梧M_S 5.4地震前4天重力原始秒数据,分别进行原始数据分析、0.01 Hz高通滤波和0.125-0.25 Hz带宽滤波,结果表明,震前4天8个重力台站数据均存在扰动异常,结合地震前后台风活动情况,分析认为,该扰动异常系台风"银河"和"妮妲"活动引起,非地震前兆异常。     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震前定点形变高频异常特征的研究

本文以中国大陆西部定点形变观测资料作为研究对象, 采用S变换和超限率时频分析法对其进行了处理和分析。 研究结果表明: 在2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前, 距离震中600 km范围内的定点形变个别台站观测到高频异常, 异常持续时间较长; 距离震中300 km范围的个别台站临震高频异常非常显著; 并且不同的定点形变观测手段对高频信号的响应不同, 地倾斜测项临震前高频异常形态较地应变测项更为清晰灵敏。 同时S变换和超限率两种方法处理结果具有较好的一致性, 表明本文提取到的高频异常可信度较高。     

巴颜喀拉块体东北缘GPS应变率空间分布特征及其与2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震的关系

巴颜喀拉块体东北缘是构造变形和地震活动较强的区域, 2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震就发生在该区域内。 利用多尺度球面小波方法解算GPS应变率场, 分析巴颜喀拉块体东北缘2009年至2017年的应变率场分布特征, 该方法的优点是可以将GPS应变率场按照不同的空间尺度进行小波分解, 给出不同空间尺度的应变率场。 结果表明在2017年九寨沟地震之前, 震中附近应变积累显著, 虎牙断裂北延断裂的左旋走滑速率为3.0 mm/a, 拉张速率为3.1 mm/a, 表明该条断裂以左旋走滑为主兼有拉张特征, 与九寨沟地震的震源机制解一致。 除九寨沟震中附近外, 在岷县与漳县交界处、 理县和汶川、 青川等地区主应变率、 面应变率、 最大剪应变率也较大, 这可能与2013岷县漳县(M_S6.6)、 2008年汶川(M_S8.0)、 2014年理县(M_S4.8)以及2014青川县(M_S4.8)地震有关。     

几次大地震前后地电场中长期变化分析与研究

地电场是地球表面天然存在的电场, 包括大地电场和自然电场。 利用“合成能量累加”方法, 分析处理了甘肃省、 青海省、 四川省、 重庆市所辖部分台站2007年7月至2017年12月的地电场观测数据, 研究和讨论了汶川8.0级地震等几次大地震前后地电场中长期异常变化特征。 研究结果显示, 几次M_S7.0以上大地震前后, 均出现了地电场区域性准同步异常变化; 地电场异常变化经历了“震前—发震—震后”三个阶段, 震前和震后变化比较明显, 发震期变化相对平稳, 时间跨度达12个月以上; 地电场异常变化主要沿构造带分布, 变化强度随震中距的增加而减小。     

2018年11月26日台湾海峡M_S6.2地震发震构造研究

本文利用福建省地震台网、广东省地震台网和台湾"中央"气象局17个台的宽频带记录,使用CAP方法反演了2018年11月26日台湾海峡M_S6.2地震震源机制解,得到节面1走向/倾角/滑动角为89°/82°/-173°,节面2走向/倾角/滑动角为358°/84°/-7°,最佳拟合深度14km,矩震级5.8.使用双差定位获取了94个M_L2.0以上地震的精定位结果,结果显示,主震位于北纬23.36°,东经118.62°,震源深度10.43km.根据小震分布和构造应力场反演得到余震断层面走向和倾角分别为88°和60°.研究认为,台湾海峡6.2级地震发震构造为近EW向的台湾浅滩断裂,受南海板块张裂拉伸发育而成,孕震过程中有东山隆起东缘断裂的参与,推测在菲律宾板块对欧亚板块NW-SE向挤压碰撞背景下,近EW向的台湾浅滩断裂与近NS向的东山隆起东缘断裂交接部位属于强度薄弱区,最终产生高倾角右旋走滑错动而引发地震,余震主要沿台湾浅滩断裂分布.     

MERIS影像水环境遥感大气校正算法评价——以鄱阳湖叶绿素a浓度反演为例

MERIS是2002年发射的在轨运行近10年的ENVISAT-1卫星上搭载的主要传感器之一,在波段设置和辐射灵敏度等方面有非常突出的优势,能够较好地运用于Ⅱ类水体叶绿素a浓度反演,但Ⅱ类水体的大气校正仍然是亟待解决的一个关键问题.以我国第一大淡水湖——鄱阳湖为研究区域,采用FLAASH、6S、BEAM和QUAC共4种大气校正算法对2005和2011年具有同步实测光谱数据的鄱阳湖ENVISAT-1卫星MERIS影像进行大气校正处理,并对12种叶绿素a浓度反演模型的波段组合因子进行大气校正效果的对比分析.结果表明:(1)4种大气校正中,大气校正结果精度由高到低表现为FLAASH6SBEAMQUAC,平均相对误差分别为31.13%、31.88%、69.48%和42.64%;决定系数(R2)分别为0.60、0.57、0.38和0.24;(2)在12种叶绿素a浓度反演模型的波段组合因子中,FLAASH得到的结果最优,其次是6S,BEAM和QUAC最差,在FLAASH算法中,由665、708和753 nm 3个波段遥感因子((Rrs(510)/[Rrs(443)/Rrs(560)])组成的模型精度最高,平均相对误差为25.12%,R2为0.74.建议采用FLAASH大气校正结果组成这个波段组合进行鄱阳湖叶绿素a浓度反演.     

阜阳M_S4.3地震震源深度的确定及地震成因分析

2015年3月14日在安徽阜阳地区发生了M_S4.3地震,随后发生3月23日M_s3.6余震.主震造成2人死亡13人受伤.房屋倒塌155间,受损1万多间.主震震级不大,而造成的灾害巨大.本文使用CAP方法反演了两次地震的震源机制解和震源深度,结果显示两次地震的震源机制解和深度一致.主震的机制解节面Ⅰ走向110°,倾角75°,滑动角—10°;节面Ⅱ走向202°,倾角80°,滑动角—164°;矩震级M_w4.3,余震矩震级M_w3.7,反演最佳深度均为3 km.最佳深度时波形拟合相关系数较高,表明反演结果是可靠的.使用sPn和sPL深度震相进一步分析了两次地震的震源深度.结果显示,选取的7个台站的sPn震相与Pn震相的平均到时差为1 s,对应的震源深度为3 km.震中距为36 km的利辛台的sPL震相与Pg震相到时差约为1.1 s,对应震源深度约3~4 km之间.两种深度震相分析的震源深度与CAP方法的结果一致,表明本文给出的阜阳地震震源深度为3 km左右基本是可靠的.本次地震造成较大灾害的原因很可能与地震震源较浅有关.阜阳地区地壳结构相对稳定,地质构造演化形成3 km厚的沉积层,本次地震可能是区域应力作用下发生在沉积层里的一次地震.     

Concentrated, ‘pulsed’ axial glacier flow: structural glaciological evidence from Kvíárjökull in SE Iceland

A detailed structural glaciological study carried out on Kvíárjökull in SE Iceland reveals that recent flow within this maritime glacier is concentrated within a narrow corridor located along its central axis. This active corridor is responsible for feeding ice from the accumulation zone on the south‐eastern side of Öræfajökull to the lower reaches of the glacier and resulted in a c. 200 m advance during the winter of 2013–2014 and the formation of a push‐moraine. The corridor comprises a series of lobes linked by a laterally continuous zone of highly fractured ice characterised by prominent flow‐parallel crevasses, separated by shear zones. The lobes form highly crevassed topographic highs on the glacier surface and occur immediately down‐ice of marked constrictions caused by prominent bedrock outcrops located on the northern side of the glacier. Close to the frontal margin of Kvíárjökull, the southern side of the glacier is relatively smooth and pock‐marked by a number of large moulins. The boundary between this slow moving ice and the active corridor is marked by a number of ice flow‐parallel strike‐slip faults and a prominent dextral shear zone which resulted in the clockwise rotation and dissection of an ice‐cored esker exposed on the glacier surface. It is suggested that this concentrated style of glacier flow identified within Kvíárjökull has affinities with the individual flow units which operate within pulsing or surging glaciers. © 2017 The Authors Earth Surface Processes and Landforms © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LARGE ROCK AVALANCHES TRIGGERED BY THE LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE AT HONGSHIYAN AND GANJIAZHAI

The 3 August 2014 Ludian, Yunnan M_S6.5 earthquake has spawned more than 1, 000 landslides which are from several tens to several millions and over ten millions of cubic meters in volumes. Among them, the Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are the biggest two with volumes over 1 000×10⁴m³. The Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are two typical landslides, the former belongs to tremendous rock avalanche, and the latter belongs to unconsolidated werthering deposit landslide developed in concave mountain slope. Based on field investigations, causes and formation mechanism of the two landslides are discussed in this study. The neotectonic movement in the area maintains sustainable uplifting violently all the time since Cenozoic. The landform process accompanied with the regional tectonic uplifting is the violent downward erosion along the Jinshajiang River and its tributary, forming landforms of high mountains and canyons, deeply cut valleys, with great height difference. The regional seismo-tectonics situation suggests that:Ludian earthquake region is situated on the southern frontier boundary of Daliangshan secondary active block, and is seismically the strongest active area with one earthquake of magnitude greater than M5.0 occurring every 6 years. Frequent and strong seismicity produces accumulated effects on the ground rock to gradually lower the mechanical strength of slopes and their stability, which is the basis condition to generate large-scale collapse and landslide at Hongshiyan and Ganjiazhai. The occurring of Hongshiyan special large rock avalanche is associated with the large terrain height difference, steep slope, soft interlayer structure and unloading fissures and high-angle joints. The formation mechanism of Hongshiyan rock avalanche may have three stages as follows:Stage 1, when P wave arriving, under the situation of free surface, rocks shake violently, the pre-existent joints(in red)parallel to and normal to the river and unloading cracks are opened and connected. Stage 2, on the basis of the first stage, when S wave arriving, the ground movement aggravates. Joints(in green)along beds develop further, resulting in rock masses intersecting each other. Stage 3, rock masses lose stability, sliding downward, collapsing, and moving over a short distance along the sliding surface to the inside of the valley, blocking the river to form the dammed lake. The special large landslide at Ganjiazhai is a weathering layer landslide occurring in the middle-lower of a large concave slope. Its formation process may have two stages as follows:Firstly, under strong ground shaking and gravity, the ground rock-soil body around moves and assembles to the lower of the central axis of the large concave slope, which suffers the largest earthquake inertia force and firstly yields plastic damage to generate compression-expansion deformation, because of the largest water content and volume-weight within the loose soil of it. Secondly, in view of the steep slope, along with the compression, the plastic deformation area enlarges further in the lower of slope, giving rise to a tensional stress area along the middle of the slope. As soon as the tensional stress exceeds the tensile strength of the weathering layer, a tensional fracture will occur and the landslide rolls away immediately making use of momentum. This two large landslides are the basic typical ones triggered by the M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake, and their causes and mechanism have a certain popular implication for the landslides occurring in this earthquake region.