高精度Lu—Hf同位素测定的新技术与新方法

综述了Ｌｕ－Ｈｆ同位素体系的基本地质地球化学特征,对比了Ｌｕ－Ｈｆ同位素现有的分析方法,并介绍了包括化学流程在内的应用多接收器双耦合等离子体质谱仪（ＭＣ－ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ）进行高精度和高准确度,Ｌｕ－Ｈｆ同位素分析的原理和测试过程,列举了部分最新地质应用成果。     

丽江7.0级地震前地震活动特征

本论述了丽江７．０级地震前地震活动条带、能量释放加速、复发周期时间扫描、剪切应力值异常等地震活动性的中长期背景异常和ｂ值、缺震、振幅比、剪切应力场地动态分布、地震窗等短期异常。     

原煤尾气和煤渣中多环芳烃相关性测定

对原煤、尾气和煤渣中多环芳烃进行了相关性测试。在模拟工业锅炉代表性燃烧条件下将烟煤和无烟煤样品在管式炉中燃烧，分别采用ＧＣＭＳ和ＨＰＬＣ法对原煤、尾气和煤渣中的多环芳烃种类和含量进行了定性和定量测定。通过在特定条件下某一煤种中多环芳烃种类、含量在燃前、燃后变化的相关性，探索煤中多环芳烃在燃烧过程中的衍变规律     

Ballon-borne and aircraft infrared measurements of ethane (C2H6) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

Quantitative infrared measurements of ethane (C₂H₆) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are reported. The results have been obtained from the analysis of absorption features of the ₉ band at 12.2 m, which have been identified in high-resolution ballon-borne and aircraft solar absorption spectra. The ballon-borne spectral data were recorded at sunset with the 0.02 cm^-1 resolution University of Denver interferometer system from a float altitude of 33.5 km near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 23 March 1981. The aircraft spectra were recorded at sunset in July 1978 with a 0.06 cm^-1 resolution interferometer aboard a jet aircraft at 12 km altitude, near 35°N, 96°W. The balloon analysis indicates the C₂H₆ mixing ratio decreased from 3.5 ppbv near 8.8 km to 0.91 ppbv near 12.1 km. The results are consistent with the colum value obtained from the aircraft data.     

Alkaline Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter

The degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied in alkaline solution. The products were characterised using UV/vis spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), and by the analysis of low‐molecular‐weight organic acids (LMWOA). The degradation experiments were performed with water from a brown water lake or its isolated fulvic acid fraction and sodium hydroxide at different reaction times and temperatures. Depending on the wavelength and the reaction time, the UV/vis absorbance between 230 nm and 600 nm increased or decreased. The behaviour of model compounds during reactions in alkaline media was compared to the UV/vis spectroscopic behaviour of DOM. The release of LMWOA was described by kinetic data and compared to the data of model reactions. Evidence was given for the carboxylic esters playing a significant role in the release of LMWOA only during the beginning of the alkaline degradation. The results gained by SEC with on‐line UV and DOC detection showed that the average size of DOM was decreasing, and that a major part of the degradation products consisted of low‐molecular‐weight mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids.     

Filtrate Quality from Different Filter Operations

A brief review of the literature on filtrate quality obtained in constant and variable declining rate operation systems is presented, with the general conclusion that both systems usually produce filtrate of similar quality, assuming the flow‐rate controllers in the constant flow rate system operate properly. A mathematical model of CR (constant rate) filters and VDR (variable declining rate) filters based on the model by Mackie and Zhao (1999) has been described and used to investigate filtrate quality under different operating conditions. A similar quality of filtrate was achieved in computations carried out for both modes of operation, while the total head loss was much lower in the VDR mode. For the same time of filter runs slightly better filtration quality resulted from CR operation, but for different filter runs resulting from the same head loss of flow just before a backwash, the VDR control system produced lower turbidity filtrate.     

Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Manure,Soil, and Surface Waters

In the last years more and more often detections of antimicrobially active compounds (“antibiotics”) in surface waters have been reported. As a possible input pathway in most cases municipal sewage has been discussed. But as an input from the realm of agriculture is conceivable as well, in this study it should be investigated if an input can occur via the pathway application of liquid manure on fields with the subsequent mechanisms surface run‐off/interflow, leaching, and drift. For this purpose a series of surface waters, soils, and liquid manures from North Rhine‐Westphalia (Northwestern Germany) were sampled and analyzed for up to 29 compounds by HPLC‐MS/MS. In each of the surface waters antibiotics could be detected. The highest concentrations were found in samples from spring (300 ng/L of erythromycin). Some of the substances detected (e.g., tylosin), as well as characteristics in the landscape suggest an input from agriculture in some particular cases. In the investigation of different liquid manure samples by a fast immunoassay method sulfadimidine could be detected in the range of 1…2 mg/kg. Soil that had been fertilized with this liquid manure showed a content of sulfadimidine extractable by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of 15 μg/kg dry weight even 7 months after the application. This indicates the high stability of some antibiotics in manure and soil.     

Continental dynamics and continental earthquakes

Two key research projects in geoscience field in China since the IUGG meeting in Birmingham in 1999, the pro-ject of“East Asian Continental Geodynamics“ and the project of“Mechanism and Prediction of Strong Continental Earthquakes“ are introduced in this paper. Some details of two projects, such as their sub-projects, some initial research results published are also given here. Because of the large magnitude of the November 14, 2001 Kunlun Mountain Pass Ms=8. 1 earthquake, in the third part of this paper, some initial research results are reviewed for the after-shock monitoring and the multi-discipline field survey, the impact and disaster of this earthquake on the con-struction site of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) railway and some other infrastructure.     

新疆巴楚-伽师6.8级地震灾害损失评估

2003年2月24日10点03分42秒新疆巴楚-伽师发生6.8级地震,震中位置北纬39°30′、东经77°12′,震源深度25.2 km.地震造成268人死亡,受伤4 853余人,其中重伤2 058人. 由于房屋倒塌或受到较大程度破坏,造成室外避难共计49 656户,约为205 079人.根据地震现场科学考察结果,宏观震中位于巴楚县东南琼库尔恰克乡吾斯塘博依村附近,即北纬39°20′,东经77°38′.灾区面积为21 498 km2,受灾地区涉及喀什地区的巴楚县、伽师县、岳普湖县、麦盖提县西北部、莎车县北部、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州的阿图什市东南部及新疆生产建设兵团农三师,共计6个县(市)37个乡镇931个村(场).此次地震属严重破坏性地震,大量房屋、生命线工程遭破坏,直接经济损失总计达139 792.23万元人民币.