水工工程对长江下游渔业的胁迫与补偿

长江下游及河口区鱼类物种丰富,特有性高,能构成渔汛的经济品种均集中在该江段,其可捕的经济鱼类品种及渔获量为全江之首,该水域鱼类区系复杂,是长江物种多样性最为丰富的区域之一,随长江干流上水工建筑的大量建造,江湖被隔绝,洄游通道被阻断,海水的入侵、生境的破碎、水文条件的改变等导致了渔业生态功能的削弱,对下游鱼类可捕量、天然鱼类资源、物种多样性、种质资源产生了严重影响,通过对下游渔业资源特征进行了描述,结合当前重大水工建筑:水电工程、调水工程、航道工程、大桥工程及沙石开采工程,介绍了长江水工工程的规模与现状,探讨了不同工程对鱼类环境业已显现的影响,以及对渔业生态和资源的破坏作用,剖析水工工程对渔业可能造成的潜在伤害,同时就工程规划的设计理念、渔业生态的补偿措施提出了建议,指出渔业部门应尽的责任和义务,提出了保护下游渔业资源和生态环境急待开展的科学研究任务.     

Comparing flow regime,channel hydraulics,and biological communities to infer flow–ecology relationships in the Mara River of Kenya and Tanzania

Abstract

Equatorial rivers of East Africa exhibit unusually complex seasonal and inter-annual flow regimes, and aquatic and adjacent terrestrial organisms have adapted to cope with this flow variability. This study examined the annual flow regime over the past 40 years for three gauging stations on the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania, which is of international importance because it is the only perennial river traversing the Mara-Serengeti ecoregion. Select environmental flow components were quantified and converted to ecologically relevant hydraulic variables. Vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected and identified at target study sites during low and high flows. The results were compared with available knowledge of the life histories and flow sensitivities of the riverine communities to infer flow–ecology relationships. Management implications are discussed, including the need to preserve a dynamic environmental flow regime to protect ecosystems in the region. The results for the Mara may serve as a useful model for river basins of the wider equatorial East Africa region.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman     

Numerical simulation of the impact of vegetation index on the interannual variation of summer precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.     

鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆盆地沉降和沉积过程模拟

本文将东祁东逆冲带与鄂尔多斯西南缘晚三叠世前陆盆地相结合，研究了逆冲带内部变形特征，前陆盆地中层序地层格架特征及其反映的盆缘构造性质和幕式逆作作用。     

煤岩及煤岩加不同介质的热模拟地球化学实验--气态和液态产物的产率以及演化特征

对塔里木盆地侏罗系煤岩以及煤岩加不同介质等 4个系列以 50℃为一温阶,从 250～550℃进行热模拟实验,并对其气体产物、液态有机质进行了系统分析。结果表明:煤岩成烃过程是一个综合作用的过程,它的生气、生油与外界环境如水,粘土矿物等的辅助作用有关。随着热模拟温度的升高,各产气率呈增长趋势。介质的加入可降低有机质成烃温度,有利于液态物的产出。     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化事实研究

基于江西79个气象站1961-2010年逐日气温和降水观测资料,采用滑动t检验和Mann-kendell法对鄱阳湖流域年平均气温进行突变检验分析,利用线性回归方法分别对鄱阳湖流域气温、降水量、降水日数、降水强度等要素的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：（1）1961-2010年鄱阳湖流域年平均气温为18.0℃,升温趋势明显,升温率达0.16℃/（10 a）,在1996年出现显著突变。冬季升温趋势最明显,夏季气温虽呈上升趋势,但不显著。（2）流域平均年降水量为1643 mm,呈略增多趋势。20世纪60-80年代和21世纪00年代降水量偏少,90年代降水量相对偏多。最大年降水量出现在1975年,为2149.6 mm;最小年降水量出现在1963年,为1111.6 mm。（3）流域年降水日数总体呈现下降趋势,下降率约为6.9 d/（10 a）。其中,小雨日数下降最为显著,下降率约为7.1 d/（10 a）;中雨日数呈略下降趋势;大雨和暴雨日数呈现略增加趋势。（4）流域年降水强度总体呈现上升趋势,每10 a上升约0.52 mm/d,说明流域降水集中度增大,强降水事件增多。     

长江中下游六省大气甲烷柱浓度时空分布

甲烷(CH₄)是造成气候变暖的主要温室气体之一。为了了解长江中下游水稻种植区CH₄浓度的分布情况,本次研究基于温室气体观测卫星(greenhousegasesobservingsatellite,GOSAT)和大气红外探测仪(atmospheric infraredsounder,AIRS)卫星反演的数据产品,对我国长江中下游六省大气CH₄柱浓度的时空分布特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,由GOSAT反演的长江中下游六省大气CH₄浓度呈逐年增长趋势,其年均浓度由2011年的1817×10^-9增长至2018年的1875×10^-9,高于东三省、华北平原和全国平均水平。区域平均年增长量为8.2×10^-9 a^-1。各省年际增长幅度略有差异,纬度偏低的江西、湖南和浙江三省大气CH₄浓度高且增长量偏大,纬度偏高的湖北、安徽和江苏三省大气CH₄浓度略低且增长量偏小。长江中下游六省大气CH...     

河流地貌演化研究进展

本文基于近年来全球河流地貌演化的研究实例及新进展,介绍了主要的研究载体与思路,讨论了河流地貌演化事件背后的地质、环境意义。沉积学、地貌学、物源分析、低温热年代学等是解决河流地貌演化问题的重要工具。沉积学记录着河流演化的一手资料,同时,沉积物定年技术的发展为揭示河流演化过程提供了高精度的时间约束。地貌指数研究是根据河流剖面形态与流域特征等揭示河流及区域地貌演化过程的研究手段,在恢复基岩隆升历史,定义地貌演化状态和判断分水岭迁移等方面具有优势。基于碎屑热年代学的物源分析方法结合沉积物沉积年代测定的研究思路则是利用了地表物质的“源—汇”过程变化,是揭示水系沟通演化历史的有效手段。当借助中-低温热年代学的多方法联合和单矿物的多重定年作为物源示踪剂时,可以有效提高分析精度,具有广阔的研究前景。另外,低温热年代学和宇宙核素¹⁰Be等对浅表过程十分敏感,记录了百万年—千年尺度的河流侵蚀作用,是示踪流域侵蚀方式空间变化和定量化揭示侵蚀过程的有力工具。河流的诞生与演化是地表过程的重大事件,记录了局部或区域的构造—气候背景,也是研究构造—气候—地貌耦合及互馈过程的重要纽带。特别是新生代晚期以来,地貌形成过程伴随着古人类的诞生与发展,而河流的演化则在古人类活动和迁徙中起到了重要的控制作用。因此,河流地貌演化的背景动力及环境意义体现了地球多圈层的相互作用与协同演化。

     

Gravitational model of the Taiwan lithosphere (along the profile Taiwan Strait-Taiwan Island-West Philippine basin)

Based on two-dimensional gravity modeling, the density section of the lithosphere beneath Taiwan and the surrounding areas is constructed. According to the density parameters, the lithosphere of this region comprises both the continental and oceanic types. The continental lithosphere is lighter than the oceanic one and demonstrates insignificant density differentiation through the entire section. The oceanic lithosphere is more contrasting with respect of both the crust and mantle density. The complicated Taiwan density structure corresponding to Taiwan Island is defined to be superimposed on the transition zone between the continental and oceanic lithospheric blocks. This structure with contrasting density boundaries is characterized by the elevated and high density values of its constituting heterogeneities. The formation of the Taiwan density structure is related to geodynamic processes in the Taiwan area marking the collision zone between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates.     

长江经济带地区岩石圈热流变结构和深部动力学

通过Crust 2.0模型构建有限元三维数值模型,以地表观测温度、深部反演温度和地表热流作为约束,计算了长江经济带地区岩石圈温度结构;在温度结构的基础上,通过GPS观测数据得到的地表应变率和选取代表性岩石物性,计算了长江经济带岩石圈流变强度和等效粘滞性系数。结果表明:长江经济带地区岩石圈表现出明显的横向不均匀性,其中四川盆地表现为低温、高强度和高粘滞性的特征,相同深度,四川盆地核心区比周围地块的温度低100~300℃,强度和粘滞性分别比周缘高1~2个数量级;在温度、强度和粘滞性的过渡地带构造活动性比较强烈。结合深部地球物理观测综合分析认为,长江经济带东、西部分别受到太平洋板块深俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆板块碰撞的影响,其深部影响范围分别达到四川盆地的东、西边界,深部动力学过程可能导致了岩石圈的横向不均匀性。