印尼贯穿流源区马鲁古海和哈马黑拉海水团来源的气候态分析

本文利用World Ocean Atlas 2013（WOA2013）气候态的温盐资料和the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA v3.3.1）流场数据,分析印尼贯穿流东部源区马鲁古海和哈马黑拉海的水团垂向分布特征及其来源,特别是次表层、中层及深层水的来源和路径。结果表明,气候态下,马鲁古海次表层的高温高盐水来自于北太平洋,与北太平洋热带水性质接近,哈马黑拉海次表层主要是来自南太平洋热带水;中层水以低温低盐为特征,马鲁古海的中层水来自南太平洋,受南极中层水控制,哈马黑拉海的中层水可能是从马鲁古海而来的南太平洋水;对于次表层和中层之间的过渡层,马鲁古海与哈马黑拉海的水源为南、北太平洋的混合水,且两个海域之间也存在着水团交换;在深层,马鲁古海的水源更倾向于班达海北部及塞兰海,而与太平洋水无关,哈马黑拉海由于地形阻挡也难以与太平洋直接发生水团交换。     

昼夜垂直移动对黄海中南部小黄鱼可捕系数的影响

鱼类的昼夜垂直移动是影响渔业资源调查可捕系数的重要因素之一,对调查获得的各种渔获物资源量指数（abundance index,AI）进行校正,对优化估计物种的空间分布和资源量估算有重要作用。本文以黄海中南部小黄鱼为例,利用2006-2009年和2011年黄海秋季底拖网渔业资源调查数据,应用地理统计二阶广义线性混合模型,量化了昼夜时段对黄海中南部小黄鱼AI的影响。不同昼夜时段对AI的随机效应系数表明,在黄海中南部秋季渔业资源调查中,底拖网对小黄鱼的可捕系数存在明显的昼夜变化:在午夜23点到凌晨3点间,可捕系数最低;凌晨3点后,可捕系数逐渐增大,直至9点达到峰值;在中午10点至下午16点,可捕系数小幅度降低后保持相对稳定,随后急剧下降;傍晚19点以后,可捕系数处于相对较低水平,直至午夜23点后降至最低水平。本研究通过地理统计二阶广义线性混合模型,去除了昼夜垂直移动对小黄鱼可捕系数的影响,预测的小黄鱼空间密度分布与其AI实际观测值以及渔场空间格局基本一致。另外,模型估计的2006-2009年和2011年秋季黄海中南部小黄鱼的总资源量指数相对扫海面积法的估计值精确度更高,且其变动趋势与黄海中南部沿岸两省（山东和江苏）小黄鱼次年总渔获量的变动情况一致。     

火灾中集装箱船剩余极限强度研究

采用ISO规定的火灾的标准温度—时间曲线建立船体结构的火灾模型。基于能量守恒原理建立热传导微分方程,计算热传导、对流和辐射对结构温度分布的影响。考虑火灾发生位置的差异性,分析得到着火区域的温度场。根据高温下钢材的力学性能,针对火灾发生位置的不同,利用非线性有限元方法,分析火灾对集装箱船剩余弯曲极限强度(中拱、中垂)的影响。结果表明,集装箱船不同位置发生火灾时,对船体结构极限强度的影响具有显著差异。船舱某一位置发生火灾时,对船体梁中拱和中垂极限强度的影响也分别不同。对集装箱船火灾的瞬态分析结果表明,火灾对船体梁极限强度的衰减作用主要发生在火灾发展过程中的前期,船体梁极限强度的衰减速度随火灾发展的时间逐渐减慢。     

基于环境噪声及地震数据对斜坡地震动响应特征分析——以芦山仁加斜坡为例

“4·20”芦山强震导致震区斜坡动力响应强烈,并诱发大量斜坡次生地质灾害。强震后余震频发,在发震断裂附近芦山双石峡谷下游出口,对仁加水电站进水口边坡地震动效应监测初步揭示,该斜坡中上部峰值加速度放大达3.4倍,斜坡放大效应明显,但各监测点场地效应需深入分析。因此,基于对该斜坡环境噪声测试与地震监测数据,采用水平与竖向谱比(H/V)和标准反应谱(SSR)对比分析。研究揭示,该斜坡参考点H/V谱比曲线放大系数约为1.1,场地放大效应微弱;斜坡上部监测点环境噪声揭示H/V与SSR谱比放大峰值频率约为13.0Hz,放大系数为1.2~1.6。环境噪声与地震监测数据对比表明,其平均谱比曲线峰值频率特征接近,但后者谱比放大系数为1.6~2.6。综合研究表明,该斜坡场地地质结构较为单一,其动力效应主要受斜坡地形因素较强,斜坡中上部地形放大效应较明显。基于环境噪声与地震数据对比研究斜坡场地效应,两者在场地卓越频率上较一致,而放大系数后者明显强于前者。     

Quantifying the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province 1995–2015

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The mountainous and hilly region plays an important role in ecological safety and production in China. However, recent studies have poorly characterized the...     

New bounds for the height limit of a vertical slope

Using the finite element method, the static and kinematic methods of limit analysis provide tools to solve many stability problems in mechanics of continuous media. The classic problem of the height limit of a Tresca or Mises vertical slope subjected to the action of gravity stems naturally from this theory in plane strain. Although the exact solution to this problem remains unknown, the present work has produced precise bounds using the static and kinematic approaches conjointly: the height limit is now between 3·760 and 3·786 C/ γ, γ being the weight per unit volume and C the soil cohesion. These tests also show that both methods, used on current workstations with industrial optimization codes such as XPRESS or OSL, are capable of solving any plane problem of limit loads in geotechnics or in structural calculus. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天文大潮对南海北部浮游动物生物量的影响

基于2020年8月至11月在南海北部获取的声学多普勒流速剖面仪观测数据,利用后向散射强度数据估算得到相对体积散射强度并用其表征浮游动物生物量的相对大小,对相对体积散射强度的半月变化与具有半月周期的潮流动能进行相关性分析,进而分析天文大潮对声学估算的浮游动物生物量的影响。结果表明：半月周期的相对体积散射强度与潮流动能之间呈负相关关系,即天文大潮时,潮流动能较强,水体相对体积散射强度较低,浮游动物生物量则较小,天文小潮时则情况相反。初步推测其原因为：天文大潮时,强潮流一方面导致浮游动物生存环境恶化,使其生物量下降,另一方面也改变了浮游动物垂直迁移特性,浮游动物迁移到近海底处使其难以被观测。     

Seismic response analysis of bridges isolated with friction pendulum bearings

A systematic method is developed for the dynamic analysis of the structures with sliding isolation which is a highly non-linear dynamic problem. According to the proposed method, a unified motion equation can be adapted for both stick and slip modes of the system. Unlike the traditional methods by which the integration interval has to be chopped into infinitesimal pieces during the transition of sliding and non-sliding modes, the integration interval remains constant throughout the whole process of the dynamic analysis by the proposed method so that accuracy and efficiency in the analysis of the non-linear system can be enhanced to a large extent. Moreover, the proposed method is general enough to be adapted for the analysis of the structures with multiple sliding isolators undergoing independent motion conditions simultaneously. The superiority of the proposed method for the analysis of sliding supported structures is verified by a three-span continuous bridge subjected to harmonic motions and real earthquakes. In addition, the side effect of excessive displacement of the superstructure induced by the sliding isolation is eliminated by replacing one of the roller supports on the abutments with hinge support. Therefore, both reductions in the forces of the substructure and the displacements of the superstructure can be achieved simultaneously. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Floodplain construction by recent,rapid vertical accretion: Waipaoa River,New Zealand

The rate of vertical accretion (typically 14–18 mm h⁻¹) during eight floods in the Waipaoa River basin, with recurrence intervals of 5 to 60 years, was determined by relating the floodplain stratigraphy at McPhail's bend to the 1948–1995 flood history. Overbank deposits remaining after a flood that occurred in March 1996 suggest a rate of vertical accretion of 15 mm h⁻¹. By contrast, because the flow velocity across the floodplain was too high to permit deposition from suspension, during the record flood of March 1988 the rate of vertical accretion was only 6 mm h⁻¹. The sequence of deposition is highly discontinuous, and the rapid vertical accretion is a response to a late 19th to early 20th century phase of deforestation in the headwaters that probably initiated a far greater change in suspended sediment yield than in discharge. Cross-section surveys conducted since 1948 indicate that the high suspended sediment load of the Waipaoa River also promoted in-channel deposition, which effected a progressive reduction in bankfull channel width although, due to the overbank deposition, channel capacity remained constant. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海西部风驱离岸急流次中尺度锋面的动力学分析

本文利用卫星观测资料和500 m分辨率数值模拟结果,结合理论分析,对南海西部夏季风场驱动的离岸急流海域次中尺度锋面及其不稳定对背景流场的动力学影响进行了研究。卫星观测和模拟结果表明,南海西部（WSCS）存在侧向尺度为O（1-10）km的次中尺度锋面,在地转和非地转运动的共同作用下,次中尺度密度锋面具有一阶Rossby（Ro）和Richardson（Ri）数。锋面诊断结果显示,沿锋面急流方向的风场强迫引起了显著的跨锋面Ekman净输送,有效地在跨锋面方向将表层冷水平流输送至暖水侧,导致海表浮力损失。减弱的垂向层结和增强的水平浮力梯度使得锋面海域出现负Ertel位涡（PV）,表明该密度锋面易受次中尺度对称不稳定（SI）的影响。次中尺度锋面不稳定引起的跨锋面次级环流能够显著增强垂向速度,其最大值可达100 m·d^-1。能量评估结果表明,次中尺度湍流的两个主要能量源,即地转剪切项（GSP）和垂向浮力通量（BFLUX）在锋面海域显著增强表明在沿锋面急流方向的风场强迫作用下,大尺度地转流的地转剪切动能和锋面有效位能能有效地通过锋面不稳定向次中尺度过程传递。因此,次中尺度锋面及其不稳定有助于增强局地垂向交换和正向串级地转能量,可以为夏季WSCS高叶绿素浓度的相干结构和锋面地转能量的正向传递提供新的动力解释。