Sediment characteristics and mineralogy of salt mounds linked to underground spring activity in the Lop Nor playa,Western China

Salt mounds are commonly distributed along playa margins and typically comprise alternating layers of loose fine sand and slightly hard halite-rich sediments as a result of long-term underground spring activity. A model of salt mound development was constructed for this study. It suggests that wind-blown sand supply and upward recharge of underground springs are two important factors in salt mound construction. Furthermore, it proposes that salt mound height is mainly controlled by the vertical transport range of underground springs and the thickness of the capillary fringe. A 1.5 m representative profile dug from the center of salt mound LP1 in the Lop Nor playa revealed a fairly complicated mineral assemblage including halite, gypsum, anhydrite, glauberite, epsomite, anhydrite, calcite, bischofite, polyhalite, schoenite, kieserite and carnallite. This matches closely with the assemblage predicted by the EQL/EVP model. The groundwater in the area is highly concentrated brine rich in Cl⁻ and Na⁺ and poor in Ca²⁺, displaying low alkalinity, and containing considerable amounts of SO₄²⁻, Mg²⁺ and K⁺. Chemical analysis of groundwater revealed considerable variation in the salinity and chemical composition of groundwater over time. The Cs-137 technique was used to measure the accumulated ages of the salt mounds. This method may prove useful in the research of relatively young playa environments where carbon dating techniques are unworkable because of an absence of carbon-rich materials in recent saline sediments.     

Rates of microbial hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction in Opalinus Clay rock

Hydrogen gas (H₂) may be produced by the anoxic corrosion of steel components in underground structures, such as geological repositories for radioactive waste. In such environments, hydrogen was shown to serve as an electron donor for autotrophic bacteria. High gas overpressures are to be avoided in radioactive waste repositories and, thus, microbial consumption of H₂ is generally viewed as beneficial. However, to fully consider this biological process in models of repository evolution over time, it is crucial to determine the in situ rates of microbial hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction. These rates were estimated through two distinct in situ experiments, using several measurement and calculation methods. Volumetric consumption rates were calculated to be between 1.13 and 1.93 μmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹ for H₂, and 0.14 and 0.20 μmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹ for sulfate. Based on the stoichiometry of the reaction, there is an excess of H₂ consumed, suggesting that it serves as an electron donor to reduce electron acceptors other than sulfate, and/or that some H₂ is lost via diffusion. These rate estimates are critical to evaluate whether biological H₂ consumption can negate H₂ production in repositories, and to determine whether sulfate reduction can consume sulfate faster than it is replenished by diffusion, which could lead to methanogenic conditions.     

地下河洞穴发育的系统演化

本文运用系统科学理论的某些基本原理和洞穴发育模拟实验研究成果，在我国南方喀斯特区多年研究实践的基础上，把一个地下流域看作一个物质与能量的输入─输出系统。将这一系统的洞穴发育分为流入（输入）洞穴，流出（输出）洞穴和含水层洞穴三大部分。分析和讨论了它们的发育机制、基本特征、相互关系及整体系统有序化的演化过程。     

Flow of viscous fluids through a porous deformable matrix

A self-contained account of mixture theory is presented as a framework for describing the flow of fluids, liquids and gases, through a porous deformable matrix, incorporating both mechanical and thermal effects. The theory comprises the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy for each constituent and the mixture properties which describe the interactions between constituents. Mass transfer between constituents which arises during phase change and chemical reactions influences both conservation laws and mixture properties. An analysis of discontinuity conditions at a singular surface is presented, which would be needed, for example, to describe an advancing phase-change front. Details are presented for the flow of viscous fluids through a thermoelastic matrix undergoing infinitesimal deformation, a common model for underground reservoirs. The interactions of immiscible and miscible fluids are discussed. An essential ingredient is the relation between partial physical variables defined as mean values over mixture elements, and intrinsic variables defined with respect to the constituent elements.     

地下管线动态更新管理体系的建立

本文从地下管线动态更新存在的问题入手,系统地分析了实现地下管线动态更新的五个必要条件,并从基础、核心、重点、保障和环境等方面详细介绍了如何建立地下管线动态更新体系。     

大比例尺三维地质建模方法研究

当前地下空间大比例尺建模难度较大,少有案例提及。主要难点在于严格按照原始地层开展大比例尺建模,会出现大量的透镜体和螺旋体,给建模工作带来较大难度。6号线地面沉降易发区的试验段研究,共涉及7个站点和6个区间的模型。通过收集整理多方位资料,以横向1:500,纵向1:200比例尺进行大比例建模。选用钻孔537个,剖面299条,格子252个,建模面积为0.6km~2。按照规范对筛选出的钻孔归纳岩性、统一命名,将岩层分为7大类,40层。应用交互拼接建模的方法,将模型分为地质体、地表建筑物两个部分,加入DEM、卫星贴图耦合显示。同时,地层的属性数据也在建模过程中加入到地层属性表中。本次工作解决了透镜体和螺旋体的建模难点,提高了建模精度。     

三维地质模型在泰安市地下空间开发中的应用

在城市化进程不断加快的今天,城市地下空间开发利用已经成为提高城市容量、缓解交通、改善环境的重要手段。为全面深化对泰安城市地下空间的认识,有效挖掘城市后备空间资源的巨大潜力,通过综合集成钻孔编录、地质图件和数字地形图等多源地学数据,借助MapGIS三维地质建模软件,初步建立起泰安城市三维地质模型,以直观的方式表达工程岩土体空间分布等地质信息,为更好地保护利用泰安市地下空间提供地质依据。     

粉煤灰重金属铬的二次污染:某电厂灰场周围地下水Cr6+污染事例

重金属铬含量低于岩石圈的平均值,而与沉积岩平均含量大体相当的某电厂灰场的粉煤灰,竟是该区地下水Cr6+的污染源,的确是令人难以理解,并因而导致当地发生了一件难断的民事纠纷。本项工作通过一系列的浸泡和淋溶模拟试验,弄清了铬的转移过程及迁移机理,结果表明: 降水相对集中的半干旱地区,在表生作用氧化条件下,主要由于大气降水的淋溶和浸泡,粉煤灰中的三价铬可以氧化为六价铬转入水体,并进入地下水造成污染。这与通过该电厂灰场周围地下水Cr6+浓度的监测,其浓度值与灰场下水方向的距离成反向相关的结果得到了进一步的证实。      

晋江市规划区地下水调查初探

本文通过在晋江市规划区开展抗震防灾基础调查工作中的地下水调查工作,总结在抗震防灾规划基础调查工作中对地下水专项调查的工作方法、重点及成果介绍。     

我国城市地下空间资源利用浅析

城市地下空间是城市建设的新型资源,它的合理开发与利用对城市的建设与发展有着重要的意义。探讨了我国地下空间资源利用的现状、已具备的条件,并阐述了我国地下空间资源发展的战略对策。