全球冥古宙的研究进展和存在问题

冥古宙是地球上最老的一个地质历史时期,由于缺少可靠的岩石记录一直没有得到国际地学界的重视和承认,到2004年才在建议的国际地层表中使用了冥古宙这一术语,定义从地球形成到出现地球最老岩石这段地球历史。但冥古宙与太古宙没有明确的地质界线,一些研究者提出了不同的年代界线(3.85Ga,4.0Ga,4.03Ga),目前还存在较大分歧。目前已知残存的冥古宙岩石只有两处,一处是加拿大的阿卡斯塔片麻岩(Acasta gneiss)中两个英云闪长岩和一个变质花岗闪长岩。前者锆石U-Pb年龄为4002±4Ma和4012±6Ma,后者为4031±1Ma。另一处是东南极索尼山(Mount Sones)的麻粒岩相英云闪长质片麻岩,已获得U-Pb年龄为3927±10Ma。世界上最老的表壳岩(≥3870Ma)出露在格陵兰。冥古宙年代久远,地球形成最初的600~700Ma的初始岩石经历了陨石撞击、地壳再循环、重熔等改造,甚至再循环到地幔,几乎已经消失殆尽。目前主要以年轻岩石中的碎屑锆石或继承锆石作为桥梁,来追索这些古老锆石原来母岩的类型、特征及成因。3800Ma的碎屑锆石已在全球十多个地区发现,而以西澳伊尔岗克拉通的杰克山最多最全,从3800Ma到4404Ma都有,在3840Ma,3900~3920Ma,4000~4200Ma,4260~4300Ma和4404Ma显示峰值,其中以3900~4200Ma最为发育,4404Ma是目前世界公认的最老碎屑锆石。此外在北美克拉通、南非克拉通、华北克拉通等古老克拉通以及一些年轻造山带中都发现有冥古宙的碎屑锆石,这些锆石是追索冥古宙地质事件的重要桥梁。通过对冥古宙碎屑锆石的研究提出了很多值得重视和进一步研究的课题和内容。包括早期地壳的性质,一些锆石具有与太古宙之后岩浆锆石特征相似的环带结构,因此这些碎屑锆石的母岩大部分被认为相当花岗质,来自老地壳的重熔。冥古宙碎屑锆石的Hf同位素等综合分析表明这些碎屑锆石来源于中性熔岩的结晶,或许表明早期地壳具有中性成分特征。冥古宙锆石的成因也是一个重要的课题,根据锆石中钛的含量、锆石Ti饱和温度计计算的温度以及锆石的一些结构特征,有的研究者提出冥古宙相当一部分碎屑锆石是陨石撞击导致的岩石熔融结晶产生的,是追溯地球早期撞击事件的重要手段。在4300Ma的碎屑锆石中包裹有金刚石和石墨晶体,前者表明锆石的母岩曾处于高压条件,而后者石墨的碳同位素接近有机碳,有人认为可能为生命起源的迹象。多个地区的碎屑锆石的边部Th/U比值低,U-Pb年龄为4000Ma左右,属于变质作用的产物,表明当时地壳已具有一定厚度。冥古宙碎屑锆石的研究提出了很多重要的问题,但是由于资料有限,有些认识还存在矛盾,还需要获得更多实际资料,才能对冥古宙的地质事件过程取得更可靠的科学认识。因此今后应加强可能赋存古老碎屑锆石地区的寻找,并发现更多古老碎屑锆石。对现有的古老碎屑锆石加强综合研究以及各地区的对比研究。     

不同天气现象下毕节高温特征及预报回归检验分析

利用毕节2010—2019年观测资料,分析不同天气现象下日最高气温特征,建立高温模型,并对近5 a 24 h高温进行检验,得出如下结论：(1)毕节高温日变化在夏季最稳定,春季波动最大。气温日较差晴天最大,阴天最小,多云时略大于阴间多云。(2)毕节8～10成云出现频率高达65.7%,夏季晴天频率波动大,春、夏季多云频率较高,且按天气现象分类统计月平均高温时,其峰值均出现在7月。(3) 24 h高温预报准确率月、季变化特征明显,夏季准确率最高,较最低的冬季高出21.4%,在区别天气现象的情况下,阴雨天时预报准确率最高,多云时最低,其中12月多云时最低为25%。(4)回归模型分析发现不同季节同种天气现象24 h高温预报影响因子权重差异明显,日照时数和平均本站气压对模型影响程度较高。不同季节晴天影响因子差异最大,拟合效果最好时段在夏季,平均估计误差为1.2℃,估计误差最大在冬季,平均估计误差为1.7℃。     

中国湿地生态系统的外来入侵种研究

湿地是地球上各种生命形式高度聚集的生态体系之一,被称为“物种基因库”。湿地良好的环境条件不仅有利于本地种的生存,也利于外来物种的入侵。据现有资料统计,目前中国湿地生态系统中有外来入侵植物10种,隶属7个科;外来入侵动物53种,涉及哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类、甲壳类、软体动物、鱼类和昆虫类。论述了这些入侵种的主要入侵途径,包括作为饲料、观赏、净化水质等目的人为有意引种,以及由非人为因素引起的入侵;同时还讨论了这些外来入侵种给湿地生态系统造成的不良影响,即导致物种多样性丧失、降低社会经济价值、破坏原有的生态系统和景观。     

动因与机制——对旅游地社会文化环境变迁理论的研究

制约旅游地社会文化环境变迁的动因主要在于外界旅游流对旅游地的静态平衡系统产生冲击和干扰,分析旅游地社会文化环境变迁,必须从构成"流"的要素入手;旅游者及其携带而来的物能流与旅游地各主体要素(政府机构、旅游企业、旅游地原生居民等)的竞争与协调产生旅游地社会文化环境变迁的动力机制.     

A geographical analysis of the Atalanti alluvial plain and coastline as the location of a potential tourist site, Bronze through Early Iron Age Mitrou, East-Central Greece

Tourism accounts for 15% of Greece’s gross domestic product. In the wake of a struggling economy many of Greece’s coastal villages have turned to tourism to supplement local economies. Preliminary analysis of structural and cultural materials recovered from an excavation on Mitrou, a small islet near the coastal village Tragana located 140 km north of Athens has established the site’s contribution to a fuller understanding of settlement practices in Central Greece from the end of the Bronze Age through the Early Iron Age. The site’s historic importance combined with its scenic coastal setting has considerable potential to be developed into an important tourist site. The physical geography of the region is the product of the complex interaction of coastal, alluvial, fluvial, and seismic processes. This investigation integrates the archaeological material with a geographical analysis employing a variety of geographical techniques (soil and sediment analysis, past climatic data, environmental surveys, and geospatial modeling) to reconstruct the geomorphological history of the site and to evaluate the area as a potential tourist site.     

Improving the methodology for assessing natural hazard impacts

The impacts of natural hazards such as cyclones have been conventionally measured through changes in human, social and economic capital, typically represented by stock variables such as population, built property and public infrastructure, livestock, agricultural land, etc. This paper develops an alternative approach that seeks to detect and quantify impacts as changes in flow variables. In particular, we explore whether changes in annual agricultural output, when measured at an appropriate spatial level, could be used to measure impacts associated with tropical cyclones in coastal regions of India. We believe that such an approach may have a number of benefits from a policy perspective, particularly with regard to the debate between relief versus recovery as disaster management strategies. A focus on flow variables is also likely to be more relevant and useful in developing countries; the maintenance of economic activity directly affects livelihood and is perhaps of greater importance than loss of built property or other physical capital.     

2006年秋季长江口及邻近海域微微型浮游生物的分布特征及环境影响因素

2006年10月在长江口及邻近海域采用流式细胞技术测定了微微型浮游生物:聚球藻Synechococcus、微微型光合真核生物(picoeukaryotes)和异养浮游细菌(heterotrophic bacteria)的丰度和碳生物量,研究了其生态分布特点,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,聚球藻、微微型光合真...     

Extreme behavior in a triple friction pendulum isolated frame

While isolation can provide significantly enhanced performance compared to fixed‐base counter parts in design level or even maximum considered level earthquakes, there is still uncertainty over the performance of isolation systems in extreme events. Researchers have looked at component level stability of rubber bearings and on the effect of moat impact on behavior of structures isolated on general bilinear isolators. However, testing of triple friction pendulum (TFP) sliding bearings has not been done dynamically or incorporated into a building system. Here, one‐third scale laboratory tests were conducted to on a 2‐story 2‐bay TFP‐isolated structure. Input motions were increasingly scaled until failure occurred at the isolation level. As the superstructure was designed with a yield force equivalent to the force of the bearing just at their ultimate displacement capacity, there was minimal yielding. A numerical model is presented to simulate the isolated building up to and including bearing failure. Forces transferred to the superstructure in extreme motions are examined using both experimental and numerical data. Additionally, the effect of the hardening stage of the TFP bearing is evaluated using the numerical model, finding slight benefits.     

嘉陵江干流地质环境问题与对策

嘉陵江是长江水系中流域面积最大的支流,也是我国南方最大的产沙河流。嘉陵江干流地处青藏高原与长江中下游平原之间的过渡带,其植被覆盖率平均为13.5%。区内主要地质环境问题有水土流失、泥沙淤积、库岸再造失稳、地质灾害等。其中水土流失问题尤为突出,嘉陵江干流水土流失面积约20 729 km2,占干流总面积的49.98%;嘉陵江河口多年平均输沙量达1.51×108t,多年平均含沙量2.25 kg/m3。近年来随着长治工程和天保工程的实施,水土流失逐渐减弱,地质环境质量渐趋好转。建议采取退耕还林还草、重大地质灾害隐患工程治理、渠化两岸、避让搬迁和监测等措施,全面推行地质环境影响评价,保护地质环境,防治水土流失和地质灾害,实现可持续发展。     

农作物产量对夏季累积高温的气候响应——以南京市为例

利用南京站1949—2008年逐日气温、逐月降水距平百分率资料及南京市统计年鉴数据,分析农作物产量对夏季累积高温的气候响应特征。结果表明：1949年以来南京市夏季累积高温呈波动上升趋势;最近60年（1949—2008年）和最近30年（1979—2008年）夏季累积高温的线性增长率分别为0.35℃/a和2.88℃/a;夏季累积高温与夏、秋粮产量均存在显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.66和-0.62,油料作物对夏季累积高温的变化也有一定的响应,但不如前两者显著,棉花产量对夏季累积高温变化不敏感。