高立式沙障处的风沙沉积及其表征的风沙运动规律

对高立式沙障处的风沙沉积情况与风沙活动强度之间的对应关系进行探讨。结果表明,在一定条件下,两者对应关系明显,相互间可进行换算。据此对应关系,在塔克拉玛干沙漠公路支线上选取合适路段,在不同地貌类型及不同地貌部位上,通过量测高立式沙障处的积沙量,得知风沙活动强度在不同区域的变化情况,从而进一步推断出塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地风沙运动的某些规律或特征:如最大输沙量可达17m³·m^-1·a^-1左右;在垄间低地中,一些小纵向沙垄可成为输送风沙的主要通道;在复合型纵向大沙垄中,沙垄体自身的运动形式与单个沙丘的运动形式相类似,等等。     

内蒙巴丹吉林沙漠成因的粒度分析和热发光测年新证据

巴丹吉林沙漠位于中国内蒙古自治区的西部,是中国第三大沙漠。过去通常认为该沙漠中沙丘的可能沙源来自附近的各种沉积物和岩石,包括弱水河扇的沉积物,弱固结的二叠纪页岩、白垩纪砂岩和砾岩以及戈壁阿尔泰的古老岩石。根据对风成砂的粒度观测,有证据表明在沙漠内部的风成砂沉积朝东南方向具有较弱的但又确实的变细趋势。这与沙丘横脊线的SW-NE向排列以及坡面的南东指向是一致的。因此,可以认为西北部的弱水河冲积扇是巴丹吉林沙漠风成砂的最可能的沙源。在西北部风成床沙覆盖了较老弱水河扇起源的冲积物。这种沉积物的热发光测年范围在190～100 ka BP之间。由于测量中对沉积物漂白可能不完全以及对其中平均古水含量估算均存在不确定性,同时由于对沙漠该地区风成作用开始之前堆积的沉积物进行了测年,这一数据范围代表了最大的年龄。另外三个风成砂测年结果分别接近133.66和22 ka,代表有关巴丹吉林沙漠西北部风成作用开始的最小年龄。沙漠的沙丘高度平均为200～300m,但在东南部偶尔可达450m。一些学者曾提出风成床沙覆盖了一个陡峭岛山突起的假说,来解释这些异常的空间。本次研究发现,在研究区之下是一个产状水平的白垩纪扇砾岩和砂岩的台地,可以断定在沙漠东南部呈现台地地貌,但进一步向北该台地明显延伸到这些沙丘之下。因此现在可以认为巴丹吉林沙漠中高的沙丘是不同区域气候和地貌因素相互作用的结果,而不是覆盖一个陡峭的岛山突起。对弱水河冲积扇作为巴丹吉林沙漠的主要源区的证实强调区域环境的重要性。在全新世,沿河流的绿洲植被在某种程度上阻碍了冲积扇提供沙源。现在,河西走廊的农业用水量极大地危及沿河森林,因此沿着作为天然拦沙阱的弱水河,维持足够的河水流量来保护区域性密集的沙丘植被,一定会避免具有重大威胁的沙的活动性增加。     

Pattern and rate of erosion inferred from Inca agricultural terraces in arid southern Peru

Earthworks of assumed age and their initial and current morphologies provide an ideal basis for developing and testing models for long-term landform erosion. Inca agricultural terraces abandoned at  1532 A.D in the drylands of southern Peru may be used to document morphological changes since the abandonment. The objective of this research is to determine the erosion pattern and process to estimate the erosion rate.The development of rills and channels on the Inca agricultural terraces is evidence for erosion by wash processes on slopes where the anchoring effect of vegetation is absent and loose material is available for removal. The pattern and amount of erosion from 1532–2005 A.D. is estimated by comparing elevation models of the observed morphology and reconstructed models of the original morphology of the Inca terraces. The results show that in areas of sediment accumulation surface elevation increased up to 0.5 m. Elevation lowering on the terrace treads was 0.7 m at maximum, and a temporally and spatially averaged lowering rate was 0.094 mm yr^− 1. This gives insights about how the rate of erosion occurs on currently disturbed lands in arid environments where soil resources are scarce and lands are prone to desertification.     

Elevation and local refuges ensure persistence of mountain specific vegetation in the Nigerien Sahara

The inselberg structure and the local habitats of the Aïr mountains (Niger) are hypothesized to generate the coexistence of geographically isolated plant species with high conservation values. By studying the diversity and the distribution of plants on the highest peak of these mountains, we aimed to identify the respective effects of local and regional abiotic factors on isolated species. We estimated the regional effects of elevation by comparing 103 floristic quadrats with existing data in the adjacent lowlands, and we tested the effects of local abiotic variables on species distribution with ordination methods. Among the 151 species identified, 12 were recorded for the first time in Niger and 53 were not found in the adjacent lowlands, thus evidencing true mountain specificity. A five-class habitat variable separated a relatively high portion of Saharan-Mediterranean species (8%) located in volcanic gullies, and Guinean-Sudanian-Zambezian species (13%) located in granite boulders. These two habitats provided local abiotic refuges (boulders, gullies), which protected a pool of relictual species from aridity, and probably from grazers. Species persistence may thus be dependent both on regional and local abiotic variables. With probable high genetic divergence because of the surrounding desert matrix, their conservation value may be particularly high.     

腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰盛期以来沙漠演化与气候变化

位于现代季风区边缘的沙漠黄土边界带,具有高度的不稳定性,末次冰盛期以来历经多次北进南退移动和暖湿、冷干变化。依据对腾格里沙漠南缘白岩沟剖面的黄土古土壤风成砂序列的年代测定,建立了腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰盛期以来沙漠演化的时间序列,并结合剖面各地层的粒度分析、色度分析和CaCO3分析结果,认为末次冰盛期该区主要经历了两次沙漠强烈扩张、两次退缩以及一次小幅度扩张的阶段。而全球变化所导致的东亚冬、夏季风变化是沙漠正、逆过程演变的主要驱动因子。     

典型干旱区沙尘气溶胶光学厚度及粒度谱分布的初步分析

利用中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站2001年9月至2002年5月的太阳光度计辐射资料,计算了该地区各月平均大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）,并对该地区秋、冬、春三季平均的光学厚度进行了比较,同时对日变化也作了分析。此外,从反演的粒度谱分布也可以看出,春季该地区大气中的气溶胶粒子含量远大于冬、秋两季,并可以反映出春季大气层结的不稳定性,但反演方法的精度有限,还有待进一步提高。     

The Sukari Gold Mine,Eastern Desert—Egypt: structural setting,mineralogy and fluid inclusion study

The Sukari gold mine (18.8 Mt @ 2.14 g/t Au) is located 15 km west of the Red Sea coast in the southern central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The vein-type deposit is hosted in Late Neoproterozoic granite that intruded island-arc and ophiolite rock assemblages. The vein-forming process is related to overall late Pan-African shear and extension tectonics. At Sukari, bulk NE–SW strike-slip deformation was accommodated by a local flower structure and extensional faults with veins that formed initially at conditions of about 300 °C and 1.5–2 kbar. Gold is associated with sulfides in quartz veins and in alteration zones. Pyrite and arsenopyrite dominate the sulfide ore beside minor sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. Gold occurs in three distinct positions: (1) anhedral grains (GI) at the contact between As-rich zones within the arsenian pyrite; (2) randomly distributed anhedral grains (GII) and along cracks in arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite, and (3) large gold grains (GIII) interstitial to fine-grained pyrite and arsenopyrite. Fluid inclusion studies yield minimum vein-formation temperatures and pressures between 96 and 188 °C, 210 and 1,890 bar, respectively, which is in the range of epi- to mesothermal hydrothermal ore deposits. The structural evolution of the area suggests a long-term, cyclic process of repeated veining and leaching followed by sealing, initiated by the intrusion of granodiorite. This cyclic process explains the mineralogical features and is responsible for the predicted gold reserves of the Sukari deposits. A characteristic feature of the Sukari gold mineralization is the co-precipitation of gold and arsenic in pyrite and arsenopyrite.Editorial handling: H. Frimmel     

塔中油田作业区防护林带的小气候效应

对塔中油田防护林带、自然沙面、流动沙丘的气温,相对湿度以及风速进行同步对比观测的研究结果表明:受油田防护林带的影响,防护林带外围的气温、相对湿度比被其包围的作业区的变化幅度小,风速比作业区大。作业区的小气候效应比较显著。     

Geologic relationships and mineralization of peralkaline/alkaline granite-syenite of the Zargat Na＇ am ring complex, Southeastern Desert, Egypt

The Zargat Na’ am ring complex crops out 90 km NW of Shalatin City in the Southeastern Desert of Egypt. The ring complex forms a prominent ridge standing high above the surrounding mafic-ultramafic hills. It is cut by two sets of joints and faults which strike predominantly NNW-SSE and E-W, and is injected by dikes, porphyritic alkaline syenites, and felsite porphyries. It consists of alkali syenites, alkali quartz syenites, and peralkaline arfvedsonite-bearing granitic and pegmatitic dikes and sills. The complex is characterized locally by extreme enrichments in REEs, wolframite and rare, high field strength metals (HFSM), such as Zr and Nb. The highest concentrations (1.5 wt% Zr, 0.25 wt% Nb, 0.6 wt% Σ REEs) occur in aegirine-albite aplites that formed around arfvedsonite pegmatites. Quartzhosted melt inclusions in arfvedsonite granite and pegmatite provide unequivocal evidence that the peralkaline compositions and rare metal enrichments are primary magmatic features. Glass inclusions in quartz crystals also have high concentrations of incompatible trace elements including Nb (750 ￠ 10⁻⁶), Zr (2500 × 10⁻⁶) and REEs (1450 × 10⁻⁶). The REEs, Nb and Zr compositions of the aegirine-albite aplites plot along the same linear enrichment trends as the melt inclusions, and Y/Ho ratios mostly display unfractionated, near-chondritic values. The chemical and textural features of the aegirine-albite aplites are apparently resultant from rapid crystallization after volatile loss from a residual peralkaline granitic melt similar in composition to the melt inclusions.     

Holocene environmental change and vegetation contraction in the Sonoran Desert

Two types of microtopographic features (plant scar mounds and plant scar depressions) on surfaces of barren desert pavements provide a unique record of the former presence of large perennial plants. Evidence of bioturbation by burrowing animals extends more than 1 m beneath each type of plant scar, indicating that both features originated as large bioturbation mounds. Formation of bioturbation mounds in desertscrub environments is generally restricted to areas beneath widely separated, large perennial plants. The contrasting forms of plant scars (mounds vs. depressions) represent time-dependent changes following disappearance of the large plants and eventual cessation of bioturbation. Plant scar mounds represent a geologically recent episode of plant mortality, whereas plant scar depressions represent the disappearance of plants at a considerably earlier time, possibly at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Contrasting spatial distributions of the two kinds of plant scars indicate that vegetation on alluvial fans has progressively contracted from a more diffuse, former vegetation cover, yielding the wide, barren pavement surfaces present today. In less arid portions of the Sonoran Desert, spatial distribution of recent plant mortality due to persistent, severe drought provides an analog of the progressive loss of plants from different parts of the landscape in the past.