PUBLICATIONS OF THE IAHS

Abstract

Gauging stations where the stage—discharge relationship is affected by hysteresis due to unsteady flow represent a challenge in hydrometry. In such situations, the standard hydrometric practice of fitting a single-valued rating curve to the available stage—discharge measurements is inappropriate. As a solution to this problem, this study provides a method based on the Jones formula and nonlinear regression, which requires no further data beyond the available stage—discharge measurements, given that either the stages before and after each measurement are known along with the duration of each measurement, or a stage hydrograph is available. The regression model based on the Jones formula rating curve is developed by applying the monoclinal rising wave approximation and the generalized friction law for uniform flow, along with simplifying assumptions about the hydraulic and geometric properties of the river channel in conjunction with the gauging station. Methods for obtaining the nonlinear least-squares rating-curve estimates, while factoring in approximated uncertainty, are discussed. The broad practical applicability and appropriateness of the method are demonstrated by applying the model to: (a) an accurate, comprehensive and detailed database from a hydropower-generated highly dynamic flow in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, USA; and (b) data from gauging stations in two large rivers in the USA affected by hysteresis. It is also shown that the model is especially suitable for post-modelling hydraulic and statistical validation and assessment.     

China＇s economic development stage and its spatiotemporal evolution： A prefectural-level analysis

As important mechanisms of regional strategy and policy,prefecture-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s economy.However,little research has grasped the essence of the economic development stage and the spatio-temporal evolution process at the prefecture level;this may lead to biased policies and their ineffective implementations.Based on Chenery’s economic development theory,this paper identifies China’s economic development stages at both national and prefectural levels.Both the Global Moran I index and the Getis-Ord Gi* index are employed to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of China’s economic development from 1990 to 2010.Major conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) China’s economic development is generally in the state of agglomeration.It entered the Primary Production Stage in 1990,and the Middle Industrialized Stage in 2010,with a ’balanced-unbalanced-gradually rebalanced’ pattern in the process.(2) China’s rapid economic growth experienced a spatial shift from the coastal areas to the the inland areas.Most advanced cities in mid-western China can be roughly categorized into regional hub cities and resource-dependent cities.(3) Hot spots in China’s economy moved northward and westward.The interactions between cities and prefectures became weaker in Eastern China,while cities and prefectures in Central and Western China were still at the stage of individual development,with limited effect on the surrounding cities.(4) While the overall growth rate of China’s economy has gradually slowed down during the past two decades,the growth rate of cities and prefectures in Central and Western China was much faster than those in coastal areas.(5) Areas rich in resources,such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia,have become the new hot spots of economic growth in recent years.For these regions,however,more attention needs to be paid to their unbalanced industrial structures and the lagging social development against the backdrop of the rapid economic growth,driven predominantly by the exploitation of resources.     

西藏隆子县扎西康锌多金属矿床矿石组构研究及成因探讨

通过详细的钻孔地质编录和显微镜下鉴定,对扎西康锌多金属矿床的矿石组构特征进行系统研究。矿区矿石构造主要为典型的由充填交代作用形成的块状构造、(网)脉状构造、浸染状构造、角砾状构造、晶洞及晶簇状构造。矿石结构主要为结晶作用和交代作用形成的结构,其次为压力作用和固溶体分离作用形成的结构。由于矿区构造作用和矿化作用具多期次性和复杂性,因而由交代作用形成的结构最为普遍且类型繁多。基于本次矿石组构研究成果,结合前人的研究资料,将矿区成矿期大致分为沉积成岩期、中低温热液成矿期和表生氧化期,其中,中低温热液成矿期是矿床最主要的成矿期。根据矿物组合特征,划分出6个成矿阶段:黄铁矿-石英-方解石阶段、闪锌矿-黄铁矿-方铅矿-毒砂-铁菱锰矿阶段、方铅矿-闪锌矿-硫盐矿物阶段、石英-方解石-辉锑矿阶段、石英-方解石阶段和氧化物阶段。最终,确定扎西康锌多金属矿为受构造-岩浆活动控制的中低温热液充填交代型矿床。     

江西冷水坑矿田下鲍Ag-Pb-Zn矿床地质特征及银的赋存状态研究

下鲍大型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床位于江西冷水坑矿田西南部。矿床地质研究表明,成矿作用可以分三个阶段:(Ⅰ)闪锌矿-黄铁矿阶段;(Ⅱ)方铅矿-闪锌矿-银矿物阶段;(Ⅲ)黄铁矿-石英(方解石)阶段。岩矿石光薄片鉴定和电子探针分析表明,下鲍矿床主要金属硫化物为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿及银矿物。电子探针分析显示,银主要以独立银矿物形式存在,金属硫化物中不可见银极少。银矿物种类主要为螺状硫银矿和自然银,呈裂隙银赋存于铁锰碳酸盐中或呈粒间银分布于铁锰碳酸盐粒间和早期硫化物晶隙间;另有少量硫银锡矿、含银黝铜矿、淡红银矿、金银矿及深红银矿、硫砷铜银矿等银矿物,呈亚显微粒状赋存于铁锰碳酸盐粒间或呈固溶体分离结构赋存于方铅矿、闪锌矿等硫化物中。主要银矿物大量赋存于铁锰碳酸盐中,表明银矿化与铁锰碳酸盐可能存在成因联系。     

下扬子区印支期后构造演化与有利勘探区预测

通过恢复下扬子区白垩纪末期与古近纪末期的剥蚀厚度及分析印支不整合面Tg0的最大埋深,结合古地温条件得出下扬子区中生界、古生界均发生过晚期生烃和成藏。白垩纪末期,黄桥、句容和无为地区最大剥蚀厚度分别为1 000m、1 500 m和800 m。古近纪末期,黄桥地区最大剥蚀厚度约450 m,句容和无为地区无剥蚀。在3.3℃/100 m～4℃/100 m的古地温梯度下,白垩纪末期,无为地区约70%面积的二叠系—下三叠统烃源岩埋深达到2 000～4 000 m,进入生油阶段,但未进入生气阶段;句容地区二叠系—下三叠统烃源岩几乎全部进入生油阶段,次凹区进入了4 000 m以下的生气阶段;黄桥地区约70%面积的二叠系—下三叠统烃源岩进入生油阶段,主要位于北部深凹区和西部次凹区,凹陷深处烃源岩进入生气阶段。印支不整合面Tg0自白垩纪末期油气生成以来的多个古鼻凸轴线指示了油气运移路径、方向和聚集区,从喜山期至今的迁移变化指示了有利勘探区。     

下荆江二元结构河岸土体特性及崩岸机理

三峡水库蓄水后下荆江河段河床冲刷下切, 局部河段崩岸险情频繁发生。为研究下荆江二元结构河岸的土体特性及崩岸机理,结合近期该河段崩岸情况,现场查勘了6个崩岸点,并对河岸土体进行了室内土工试验。试验结果表明下荆江河岸土体的垂向组成具有典型的二元结构特征:下部非粘性土（沙土）层较厚,上部粘性土（低液限粘土）层较薄且松散。以河岸崩塌过程分析为基础,提出了二元结构河岸发生绕轴崩塌时上部土层稳定性的计算方法。结合近岸水动力条件计算及土工试验结果,定量分析了二元结构河岸的崩塌机理及其影响因素:① 下部沙土层的起动流速比近岸流速小得多,故该土层容易受水流冲刷;②上部粘性土层崩塌前抗冲强度很大,但多为低液限粘土且相对松散,崩塌后堆积在岸边容易分解并被水流带走;③ 河岸稳定安全系数在一个水文年内呈周期性变化,落水期安全系数最小,故容易引发崩岸,该计算结果与近期崩岸实际统计结果一致。     

线弹性阶段卸轴压煤样内瓦斯流动特性试验研究

以二次成型的型煤试件为研究对象,以煤样内瓦斯流动速度为考察参数,对其应力-应变全过程、线弹性阶段卸轴压过程的瓦斯流动特性进行了试验研究,并对比分析了处于弹性阶段的加、卸载过程中瓦斯流动特性。分析结果表明：煤样加载阶段的瓦斯流动特性曲线存在一瓦斯流动困难应力点,且应力值位于线弹性阶段的后期;线弹性阶段卸轴压时,煤样的应力-应变曲线与其内瓦斯流动规律曲线呈反向变化趋势,瓦斯流动速度变化与起始瓦斯流动速度呈正向关系,且煤样强度越大,其瓦斯流动规律变化越复杂,卸轴压过程中仅能够部分还原加载过程煤样内瓦斯流动规律;加载与卸载过程的瓦斯流动规律具有前者分两阶段均匀变化、后者为双曲线型特点;瓦斯流动规律在加载过程对应力影响更敏感,而卸载过程瓦斯流动规律对应力的敏感性只在局部表现。     

皖浙赣相邻区晚中生代多期构造变形特征及其动力学背景

通过详细系统的野外地质调查和构造解析,文中在皖浙赣相邻区识别出晚中生代的五期构造变形。第一期为中侏罗世末到早白垩世初的北东东向逆冲推覆构造,形成时间大约为160~150 Ma;第二期为早白垩世初的高角度正断层和北东东向左行平移断层,形成于150~135 Ma;第三期为早白垩世晚期的北北东向左行平移断层,形成于125~120 Ma;第四期为北东-北东东向右行平移断层,形成于早白垩世末期的100 Ma左右;最后一期为形成于晚白垩世早期(约75 Ma)的北北东向逆冲断层构造。区内晚中生代的多期构造变形与华南和华北板块的最后阶段的碰撞,晚中生代以来太平洋板块在不同阶段向欧亚大陆不同方向的俯冲,甚至与印度板块向北碰撞产生的向东远程挤压效应等诸多作用有关。     

平衡剖面技术在龙门山中段构造解释中的应用

龙门山推覆冲断带地形条件恶劣,构造断裂复杂,阻碍了该区油气资源的勘探进程。为搞清龙门山推覆冲断带下的构造样式,验证其构造解释方案,应用平衡剖面技术,对龙门山中段具典型构造特征的地质、地震综合解释剖面进行平衡恢复。实例分析证明,平衡剖面技术可正确指导龙门山中段构造剧烈变形区的构造解释方案,并可定性、定量分析构造变形期次和变形程度,为下一步油气勘探提供可靠依据。      

哈萨克斯坦Tramplin剖面孢粉记录的MIS3a环境变化

利用AMS ¹⁴C测年,通过对哈萨克斯坦南部Tramplin黄土-古土壤沉积剖面的孢粉分析,揭示了中亚干旱区深海氧同位素(MIS)3a阶段植被和气候演化历史：41.4 ka B.P.以前,植被为蒿属植物占优势的荒漠草原,气候干旱; 41.4～40  ka B.P.,植被为蒿草草原,气候湿润程度增加;40～36  ka B.P.,植被为蒿属植物占优势的荒漠草原,气候湿润程度轻微下降;36～33  ka B.P.,植被为蒿草草原,气候湿润程度增加;33～30  ka B.P.,植被为蒿属植物占优势的荒漠草原,湿润程度轻微下降;30～28 ka B.P.,植被为蒿草草原,气候湿润程度轻微上升。