Instability on a weakening fault

Weakening of a prestressed sawcut in Westerly granite under laboratory condition is accomplished by injecting pressurized fluid into the sawcut. After injection a sequence of stick-slips is observed while the deviatoric stress decreases successively with each stick-slip. On the basis of the experimental observation we develop a model of fault instability due to inhomogeneous and progressive weakening of the fault. According to this model, the fault surface is divided into the slipped and the locked regions, depending on whether or not the local state of stress satisfies the friction criterion. The average shear stress in the slipped region decreases with time and, in order to maintain a quasi-static equilibrium, shear stress in the remaining locked region on the fault surface increases. This situation may last until a critical state of stress on the fault is met, at which a sudden instability (stick0slip) may occur. We suggest that this mechanism of stress transfer may be a viable mechanism of induced seismicity and aftershocks, in addition to the well-known mechanism of a local increase of pore pressure. By comparing the experimental data with model predictions we show that the critical condition for slip instability is when the average shear stress over the locked region becomes equal to the value given by the friction criterion. Thus the friction criterion established for slip on fractures on which the state of stress is macroscopically uniform may also be applicable to fractures on which the stress state is macroscopically heterogeneous.     

Paterns and regularity of ring distribution of seismic activity before great earthquakes in China

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试论青藏高原多年冻土类型的划分

本文采用综合分析与主导因素相结合的原则，以干燥度作为主要指标并参考年降水量，年平均相对湿度及气温较差等，结合地形因素将青藏庙的多年冻土划分为：湿润，亚湿润，半干旱，干旱和极干旱５种类型，并对各类型代表性和冻土地区进行分别论述。     

Nutritional condition of two coastal rocky fishes and the potential role of a marine protected area

Knowledge of the nutritional conditions of coastal commercial fish populations is key to understanding stock health status, and is essential when making reasonable exploitation and management plans. Here, we present the first results on the condition and feeding preferences of two coastal fish species, Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Using stable isotope and biochemical analyses, we tested the potential effects of a marine protected area (MPA) and the occurrence of a dramatic coastal storm on the condition and quality of nutrition. The results suggest that both condition (lipids) and nutrition quality (fatty acids, FAs) in P. erythrinus and D. sargus depend upon on food availability in the area in which they were captured. Pagellus erythrinus individuals inside the MPA stored higher quantities of lipids [46.73 ± 19.00 μg lipid·mg organic matter (OM)^?1] than those outside the MPA (15.63 ± 5.30 μg lipid·mg OM^?1) only before the storm. Diplodus sargus showed different FA signatures inside and outside the MPA before and after the storm. These results suggest that D. sargus increased their quality of nutrition inside (16.62 ± 3.17 μg FA·mg OM^?1) versus outside (7.88 ± 2.36 μg FA·mg OM^?1) the MPA, owing to increased food diversity and availability. Conversely, P. erythrinus did not show differences in nutritional quality inside (18.12 ± 1.13 μg FA·mg OM^?1) or outside (18.81 ± 1.42 μg FA·mg OM^?1) the MPA, possibly because of the increase in ingestion not affecting the studied parameters. In P. erythrinus, the FA concentration decreased after the storm, but in D. sargus, a change in lipid composition was observed. These results suggest that P. erythrinus appears to be more impacted by food quality (different saturated and unsaturated FAs) than D. sargus, owing to a more restrictive diet. We hypothesize that the observed differences between inside and outside the MPA are not only related to the degree of protection, but also to the feeding preferences and behaviour of both fishes.     

资源优化配置与区域发展：以陕西省为例

陕西省资源丰富,科技力量雄厚,但经济发展水平不高,近年在全国的经济地位有所下降,形成一种奇怪的经济现象,即陕西现象。本文在概括、总结这种现象主要特征的基础上,深入剖析了其深层次的原因,即资源发,利用效率低下,扭转陕西现象的出路在于优化资源配置与科技进步并举,只有这样,陕西才能以最小的改革成本获取最大的改革收益。     

自组织临界性与地震预测：对目前地震预测问题争论的评述（之一）

目前国际上围绕地震预测问题的争论,很大程度上与地震的自组织临界性模型有关。根据地震ＳＯＣ模型,地震预测被认为是不可能的。事实上,这是一个误解这个误解又是关于地震的ＳＯＣ模型的诸多误解中的一个。在地震的ＳＯＣ模型中,地震的能量－频度关系具有重要的地位。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COHERENT STRUCTURE OF THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

1 INTRODUCTION The coherent structure of turbulence is the most important discovery of turbulence studies in the last several decades. The coherent structure is a joint spatial state (Liang, 1999). In this space, there exist all kinds of motions that are organized and related. Namely, strip structures, large vortical structures, and other organizing flows are present. In 1932, researchers found that turbulence wasn抰 a fully random phenomenon and came to realize that the repeated emergen…     

沱江上游长期洪水预报初探

沱江上游洪水属典型天然河道洪水特性,采用历史洪水系列,分析了厄尔尼诺现象和太阳黑子活动对沱江上游洪水的影响,并通过分析周期变化规律及数理统计分析预报等多种方法,综合分析了各种相关因子对沱江上游三皇庙水文站历年最大流量的影响,从而提高了沱江上游长期洪水预报精度。     

El Niño phenomenon in simple ocean data assimilation data

[1]Battisti D S. 1988. The dynamics and