Instability on a weakening fault

Weakening of a prestressed sawcut in Westerly granite under laboratory condition is accomplished by injecting pressurized fluid into the sawcut. After injection a sequence of stick-slips is observed while the deviatoric stress decreases successively with each stick-slip. On the basis of the experimental observation we develop a model of fault instability due to inhomogeneous and progressive weakening of the fault. According to this model, the fault surface is divided into the slipped and the locked regions, depending on whether or not the local state of stress satisfies the friction criterion. The average shear stress in the slipped region decreases with time and, in order to maintain a quasi-static equilibrium, shear stress in the remaining locked region on the fault surface increases. This situation may last until a critical state of stress on the fault is met, at which a sudden instability (stick0slip) may occur. We suggest that this mechanism of stress transfer may be a viable mechanism of induced seismicity and aftershocks, in addition to the well-known mechanism of a local increase of pore pressure. By comparing the experimental data with model predictions we show that the critical condition for slip instability is when the average shear stress over the locked region becomes equal to the value given by the friction criterion. Thus the friction criterion established for slip on fractures on which the state of stress is macroscopically uniform may also be applicable to fractures on which the stress state is macroscopically heterogeneous.     

Nutritional condition of two coastal rocky fishes and the potential role of a marine protected area

Knowledge of the nutritional conditions of coastal commercial fish populations is key to understanding stock health status, and is essential when making reasonable exploitation and management plans. Here, we present the first results on the condition and feeding preferences of two coastal fish species, Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Using stable isotope and biochemical analyses, we tested the potential effects of a marine protected area (MPA) and the occurrence of a dramatic coastal storm on the condition and quality of nutrition. The results suggest that both condition (lipids) and nutrition quality (fatty acids, FAs) in P. erythrinus and D. sargus depend upon on food availability in the area in which they were captured. Pagellus erythrinus individuals inside the MPA stored higher quantities of lipids [46.73 ± 19.00 μg lipid·mg organic matter (OM)^?1] than those outside the MPA (15.63 ± 5.30 μg lipid·mg OM^?1) only before the storm. Diplodus sargus showed different FA signatures inside and outside the MPA before and after the storm. These results suggest that D. sargus increased their quality of nutrition inside (16.62 ± 3.17 μg FA·mg OM^?1) versus outside (7.88 ± 2.36 μg FA·mg OM^?1) the MPA, owing to increased food diversity and availability. Conversely, P. erythrinus did not show differences in nutritional quality inside (18.12 ± 1.13 μg FA·mg OM^?1) or outside (18.81 ± 1.42 μg FA·mg OM^?1) the MPA, possibly because of the increase in ingestion not affecting the studied parameters. In P. erythrinus, the FA concentration decreased after the storm, but in D. sargus, a change in lipid composition was observed. These results suggest that P. erythrinus appears to be more impacted by food quality (different saturated and unsaturated FAs) than D. sargus, owing to a more restrictive diet. We hypothesize that the observed differences between inside and outside the MPA are not only related to the degree of protection, but also to the feeding preferences and behaviour of both fishes.     

对流层中层动能的全球性季节过渡与季节性急变

本文利用１９８０—１９８８年ＥＣＭＷＦ全球资料，计算了５００ｈＰａ各纬度带上的纬向平均动能（Ｋｚ）、涡动动能（ＫＥ）及波数域动能（Ｋｎ，ｎ＝１，２，３，…，１０）。以此考察了南、北半球动能季节过渡的差异，并用Ｔ检验方法讨论了南、北半球以及全球各动能模态的季节性急变现象。现在工作单位：     

岩石摩擦弱化及失稳序列的数值模拟

通过基于“瞬间闭锁”假定的多滑块-弹簧模型对摩擦滑动进行模拟,讨论了强度分布不均匀性及系统刚度构成对整个系统稳定性的影响.通过图示平均剪应力和平均位移的关系,对断层模型随错动的演化作了清晰的描述.结果表明:(1)均匀的滑动面及外部系统刚度较小的情况(这相当于高压条件下形成的光滑剪切破裂面的情况)易于发生粘-滑振荡.(2)随着错动次数的不断增加,错动的空间分布向不均匀方向发展,从而使平均应力降减小,系统整体趋向稳定,即断层活动历史越长越趋向稳定.(3)由于导入了具有负刚度效果的力和位移组合控制,通常加载方式条件下只能产生不稳定的过程可以转变为一个平均效果上的准静态弱化过程,类似于滑动弱化过程.     

高光谱影像处理方法的改进

介绍了高光谱遥感的发展概况及通用数据处理流程,着重分析了数据处理过程中的Hughes现象,指出可以通过对传统的处理方法进行适当的改进来有效地抑制Hughes现象,提高高光谱影像分类精度。     

地震及其前兆的观测研究与地震预测

通过对地震灾害及预测观察研究现状的分析,解析了地震预测研究中存在的问题和不足,指出了地震及其前兆观测在预测研究中的作用,同时认为,地震前兆观测既不能盲目,也不能随波逐流也进行,其进展以决于地震孕育机理的深入理解和有效观测途径或方法的选择,并简述了２０年来在震前准静电场观测研究中取得进展和体会。     

黏滑断层隧道减错措施参数对减错效果的影响分析

为提高黏滑断层隧道的结构安全性和稳定性,对黏滑断层隧道设置不同缝宽减错缝、不同刚度减错层的减错效果进行研究。研究结果表明:断层黏滑错动对上盘隧道的影响远大于下盘;减错缝对上盘部分隧道结构的减错效果优于下盘,其中上盘减错效果最大为24.50%,下盘减错效果最大为9.26%;减错层对下盘部分隧道结构的减错效果略优于上盘,其中下盘减错效果最大为105.32%,上盘减错效果最大为78.07%;随着减错缝宽度的增加,隧道上盘减错效果变好,下盘缝宽10—15cm减错效果最好;随着减错层弹性模量的增加,隧道上下盘减错效果降低,当减错层弹性模量增加到一定程度（约100MPa）,减错效果趋于稳定。研究成果可为黏滑断层隧道的减错结构设计及施工提供参考。     

前散式和透射式能见度仪的综合观测试验及对比分析

通过在野外观测基地和能见度计量检测实验室开展的前散式和透射式能见度仪对比观测试验,获取了能见度和其他气象与环境要素的同步观测数据,分析了不同大气环境条件下能见度测量值差异及其产生原因。结果表明：在能见度环境模拟舱内,两种能见度仪的测量值具有较好的一致性,但在自然环境中,两种能见度仪的测量值差异随能见度上升而快速增大。在不同天气现象出现时,前向散射仪与大气透射仪的测量值比值(VIS_FS/VIS_T)规律性变化明显,总体呈现随能见度上升而增大的趋势。无降水时,低湿情况下大气颗粒物吸收作用明显,透射能见度仪测量值远小于前散能见度仪测量值,两者均随PM_2.5质量浓度的增加而下降,且其差异也随之减小;高湿情况下大气颗粒物的散射作用在大气消光中占绝对优势,两种能见度仪测量值趋近。