居里等温面深度的探测方法

地壳居里等温面的研究对确定深部磁体结构和了解深部热状态及结构有重要意义.本文对探测居里等温面深度的方法进行了科学地总结,分类和评估,并主要介绍了各种方法的基本原理.较直接的探测居里等温面的方法是根据大地热流值,地温\|深度关系或岩石矿物实验来确定,但是这种方法在实际中并不常用.最常用的方法是应用航磁和卫星磁数据.根据所研究的目标的不同,磁法又可以被分为两大类：单体磁异常法和组合磁异常法.这两大类下又可以有各种不同的应用技术,其中功率谱分析方法最为流行.虽然没有任何一种方法是完美的,针对组合磁异常的统计功率谱分析方法被认为是较成熟的一项技术,并得到了很多的应用及讨论.组合磁异常的功率谱分析方法的理论基础是Spector\|Grant 统计模型,这个统计模型很适用于对区域磁异常组合的分析.为了提高分辨率,无论单体磁异常法或组合磁异常法都需要考虑很大的一片研究区域,这样的结果会降低所获得的居里等温面的横向分辨率,由此所获得的居里等温面深度通常只是某一区域平均居里点深度的一级近似.一项比较特别的技术是Mayhew的最初为分析卫星磁数据而建立起来的等层模型方法.这一方法的基本原理是,根据一些校准点,将一等厚度层上所观测到的不同的磁场强度转换为等磁场强度的深度差异.这一技术与功率谱分析方法的一个重要差别在于它不需要对磁体顶部和底部所引起的功率谱进行区分,而这种区分是功率谱分析方法中所必需的.由于对居里等温面深度的探测是一种反演技术并包含了反演中的非唯一性和数学上的不稳定性,在各种方法的应用中应采取谨慎的态度.近年来,自相似和分形理论的应用为这一领域的研究提供了很多崭新的研究机会和科学思想.自相似和分形模型是对Spector\|Grant统计模型的完善和发展,因为自相似模型考虑了更真实的磁场强度差异的分形分布.另外,这一新理论也揭示了以前很多种方法中的局限性.     

中国海相烃源岩发育控制因素

烃源岩的形成取决于生烃母质生物的生存环境和有机质良好的保存条件,这两大因素从根本上来说又取决于生物繁殖时和埋藏时的古气候、古洋流、古构造及古环境等各要素的良好匹配。海相高有机质丰度烃源岩的形成与大气中的中等含氧量、干热的气候、冰期-冰后期之交的气温快速转暖、冰川迅速融化所导致的海平面快速上升等密切相关。大洋环流的形成和演变也是控制海相高有机质丰度烃源岩形成的主要因素,上升洋流富磷、富硅、富铁族元素等营养盐和富绿硫细菌极大地促进了有机质生产力、埋藏率的激增。通过研究,建立了中国华南和塔里木盆地寒武系上升洋流分布模式、塔里木盆地上奥陶统良里塔格组台缘斜坡灰泥丘相源岩形成时的反气旋洋流分布模式。研究发现,优质烃源岩仅发育于被动大陆边缘背景下的裂谷、克拉通内裂谷、克拉通内坳陷盆地和克拉通边缘坳陷盆地。欠补偿盆地、蒸发潟湖、台缘斜坡(灰泥丘)和半闭塞—闭塞欠补偿海湾,是高丰度烃源岩发育的有利环境;低的无机物输入和低的沉积速率,有利于高有机质丰度烃源岩形成;呈斜坡的海底地貌,有利于烃源岩形成。     

Why relatively fewer people died? The case of Bangladesh’s Cyclone Sidr

Cyclone Sidr, a Category IV storm, struck the southwestern coast of Bangladesh on November 15, 2007 killing 3,406 people. Despite a similar magnitude, Sidr claimed far fewer lives than Cyclone Gorky, also a Category IV storm, which struck Bangladesh in 1991 causing an estimated 140,000 fatalities. The relatively low number of deaths experienced with Sidr is widely considered the result of Bangladesh government’s efforts to provide timely cyclone forecasting and early warnings, and successful evacuation of coastal residents from the projected path of Cyclone Sidr. Using information collected from both primary and secondary sources, this study identified several other reasons for the unexpectedly lower mortality associated with Cyclone Sidr relative to Cyclone Gorky. Fewer casualties may be attributed to a number of physical characteristics of Cyclone Sidr, such as duration of the storm and storm surge, landfall time and site, varied coastal ecology, and coastal embankment. This article recommends improvements to the cyclone warning systems, establishment of more public cyclone shelters, and implementation of an education campaign in coastal areas to increase the utilization of public shelters for future cyclone events.     

人地耦合系统脆弱性研究进展

当前在以人地耦合系统为中心的气候变化、生态风险和可持续管理等研究中,脆弱性理论及其评价已成为地理学及很多相关学科的研究热点,其涵义不断泛化,内容日渐扩展。不同学科背景的学者对脆弱性解释存在很大分歧,这阻碍了研究的科学化,也影响研究成果的实践意义,迫切需要一个可行的框架来系统整合其理论和实践的研究。从审视脆弱性的理论沿革出发,分析其在国内外可持续发展和全球变化领域的应用现状,总结出分歧的主要原因是对相关概念关系的不理解以及研究时空尺度和学科视角的不明确。基于对脆弱性评价的整合框架的研究现状,选取VSD模型作为统领具体的脆弱性评价的依据。VSD模型的优势在于:①有明确的定义,将脆弱性分解为暴露程度、敏感性和适应潜力3个维度;②用方面层—指标层—参数层逐级递进、细化的方式组织评价数据;③有规范评价流程的8个步骤。最后以我国典型的干旱区为例,运用VSD模型构建了示例区脆弱性评价的指标和参数。     

埕岛油田潮流、风海流预报系统的研制与应用

在埕岛油田潮流、风海流预报系统中应用了整体潮流预报法,结合对本海域潮流实测资料,研究编制成操作简便、功能强大的潮流预报应用软件,实现了对埕岛海域潮流和风海流的即时预报,用于指导油田生产管理,并取得了较好的效果。     

工程爆破场地地震动强度预测研究

本文介绍了爆破地震动强度的预测方法和该领域研究的国内外现状,以岭澳核电站场地为例,利用该场地土石方工程爆破时实监测获得的大量实验数据进行统计回归分析,提出了一种估计(折算)爆破药量的方法,给出预测爆破地震动加速度、速度、的经验公式。按此地震动衰减规律并结合时实监测数据指导爆破,确保大亚湾核电站的安全运行。这种折算爆破药量的方法和预测爆破地震动强度的经验公式对指导工程爆破具有重要参考价值。     

Time-domain identification of dynamic properties of layered soil by using extended Kalman filter and recorded seismic data

A novel time-domain identification technique is developed for the seismic response analysis of soil-structure interaction. A two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) model with eight lumped parameters is adopted to model the frequency-dependent behavior of soils. For layered soil, the equivalent eight parameters of the 2DOF model arc identified by the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method using recorded seismic data. The polynomial approximations for derivation of state estimators are applied in the EKF procedure. A realistic identification example is given for the layered-soil of a building site in Anchorage, Alaska in the United States. Results of the example demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed identification technique. The 2DOF soil model and the identification technique can be used for nonlinear response analysis of soil-structure interaction in the time-domain for layered of complex soil conditions. The identified parameters can be stored in a database for use in other similar soil conditions. If a universal database that covers information related to most soil conditions is developed in the future, engineers could conveniently perform time history analyses of soil-structural interaction.     

荣成外海海流特征及影响因素

荣成是我国重要的海产养殖城市,为掌握荣成外海的海流特征,基于2016年1—10月于荣成外海楮岛岬角南侧布放的浮标观测数据,通过谱分析、调和分析等方法,分析了实测流速时间序列剖面及季节变化,分离出该观测点的潮流和余流并进行定性定量分析,探讨了该海域余流的影响因素.结果表明:1)荣成外海浮标观测点流速东西分量总体大于南北分...     

中国大范围雷暴大风事件(Derechos)研究:时空分布、环境背景和对流系统形态特征

基于2002—2019年高空、地面常规观测资料,卫星云图,部分新一代天气雷达单站资料以及2009年以后的中国雷达拼图资料,采用个例筛选与统计、动态合成分析、层次聚类和雷达图分析等方法,对发生在中国的大范围雷暴大风事件(Derechos)的时空分布、环境背景和对流系统形态特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)Derechos事...     

On the Conversion of Antarctic Ice-Mass Change to Sea Level Equivalent

This technical note aims to provide a quick reference and some computational examples for the conversion between Antarctic ice-mass changes and global sea level equivalent (SLE) changes using a few assumptions that computationally simplify this complex problem and that acknowledge gaps in our knowledge of the Antarctic environment. A number of factors involved in the conversion process are discussed, and the sensitivity of the conversion result to certain aspects is analyzed. It was found that the global ocean area calculated from a recently improved global shoreline dataset has little impact on the uncertainty of the SLE estimation. SLE estimation using satellite gravity observations, such as those by GRACE, are sensitive to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models. One more important result from the computation is that the effective density of the volume that is gained or lost during mass change may greatly affect the outcome of the conversion if it differs greatly from the actual density of the firn/ice layers. Finally, a table of computational examples is provided for reference under some assumptions for simplifying the computation.