树木年轮资料的可靠性分析——以陕西华山松为例

依据陕西华山的华山松树木年轮宽度、最大密度与最小密度年表，以及对树木生长模拟结果，本文分析了树木径向生长对气候因子（气温和降水）的响应状况。结果表明树木年轮生长的多种指标均能相互印证，并具有生理学意义，从而证实了它们作为气候变化的代用资料是可靠的。这不仅强调了树木年轮多途径分析的必要性，而且为重建过去气候变化提供了依据。     

CO2-driven cation leaching after tropical forest clearing

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of dissolved CO₂ (H₂CO₃*) as a mechanism of cation removal from surface soils under secondary land uses in the tropics. Soil leachate columns were prepared with 0–10 cm soils from mature and secondary forest, and managed pastures, and extracted with H₂CO₃* from deionized water equilibrated with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 10% CO₂ (g). Extraction of soil cations slowed over time following an exponential form for the cumulative data. The rate of cation concentration decline varied as a function of CO₂ concentration with the 10% solution resulting in a greater percent decline with extraction volume. Potassium removal from the exchange sites of all soils and for all solutions was nearly complete ranging from 85% to 97% while removals of Mg (31% to 71%) and Ca (12% to 42%) were lower. The asymptotic patterns of cation loss observed in this study suggest that H₂CO₃* acid-driven losses of cations may become self-limiting over time. Other stronger acids from atmospheric deposition or organic sources may serve to perpetuate cation removal, and re-forestation on these cleared lands would certainly re-distribute cations from soils to vegetation.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of dominant tree species and canopy in the broadleaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains

Based on the light-photosynthesis response measurement at leaf level, combined with over- and under-canopy eddy covariance measurements, research on photosynthetic characteristics of single trees and forest canopy was conducted. The relationship between light intensity and photo-synthetic rates for leaves and canopy can be well fitted by a non-rectangular hyperbola model. Mongolian oak presented a high light compensation point, Lcp (28μmol·m-2·s-1), a light saturation point Lsp (>1800μmol·m-2·s-1), and a maximal net photosynthetic rate Pmax (9.96μmol·m-2·s-1), which suggest that it is a typical heliophilous plant. Mono maple presented the highest apparent quantum efficiencyα(0.066) but the lowest, Lcp (16μmol·m-2·s-1), Lsp (=800μmol·m-2·s-1), and Pmax (4.51μmol·m-2·s-1), which suggest that it is heliophilous plant. Korean pine showed the lowestαvalue but a higher Pmax, which suggest that it is a semi-heliophilous plant. At the canopy level, the values of both or and Pmax approached the upper limit of reported values in temperate forests, while Lcp was within the lower limit. Canopy photosynthetic characteristics were well consistent with those of leaves. Both showed a high ability to photosynthesize. However, environmental stresses, especially high vapor pressure deficits, could significantly reduce the photosynthetic ability of leaves and canopy.     

A Reconstruction of Mid–summer Temperatures from Ring–widths of Scots Pine since ad 50 in Northern Fennoscandia

We have reconstructed mid–summer (July) temperatures using a master ring–width chronology of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) for northern Fennoscandia, covering nearly the last two millennia. The chronology is constructed from 93 living trees and 275 dead trees collected between 68 ^∘ and 70 ^∘ N, 20 ^∘ and 30 ^∘ E. In standardization, negative exponential functions and, alternatively, regression lines were applied. Because of a strong autocorrelation in the data, we used a model structure including 2–year lagging and a 3–year leading predicter along with the master chronology in the transfer function. Over one–half of the dependent climate variance was retrieved in our final reconstruction model. We indicate the largest temperature anomalies of individual summers as well as longer–term temperature variability starting from ad 50.     

岷江上游典型油松人工幼林的生态环境效应

油松林是岷江上游和大渡河上游地区河谷与中山段灌丛地上恢复重建的代表性人工林类型之一,还缺乏深入研究。选择岷江上游典型的油松幼林,通过2a的定位监测,研究了油松林恢复重建的生态环境效应。1)与重建前的灌丛比较,油松幼林林下土壤物理性质(容重、土壤孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤重力水库容、土壤水向下渗透性速度、土壤通气度)得到明显改善,土壤持水能力提高了16%;2)油松幼林林冠对降雨的拦截和再分配作用明显。雨量等级低,拦截作用越大,尤其是当降雨量小,历时较长时,截留率越高,对降水的涵养比率越高。油松幼林生态系统能全部就地涵养全年降雨频率60%～70%的<10mm等级的雨量而不致产生明显的地表径流;对于占全年降雨频率35%～30%的10～50mm等级的降雨量,有至少30%～50%能被油松林生态系统就地涵养;3)重建的油松幼林林下土壤平均侵蚀模数36t·km-2·a-1,灌丛地表为713t·km-2·a-1,分别比裸地少99 55%和91 09%,而同期灌丛地表平均径流模数有38 90×104m3·km-2·a-1,油松幼林为7 23×104m3·km-2·a-1,分别比裸地减少79 47%和99 96%,油松林重建基本控制了土壤侵蚀和水土流失;4)油松林重建明显降低了不同深度的土壤温度。夏季降低的效果明显强于秋季。油松林内与林缘灌草丛5cm层土温较裸地分别平均     

Climatic influences on forest fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks and resulting runoff effects in large watersheds in British Columbia,Canada

Many studies have defined the interrelationships between climate, forest disturbance, and runoff at small scales (<100 km²), but few have translated these relationships to large watersheds (>500 km²). In this study, we explore the relationship between climate, extreme forest fire seasons, mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks, and runoff in eight large watersheds within the Fraser and Peace drainage basins in British Columbia (BC), Canada from 1981–2019. Using a climate index based on precipitation and air temperature anomalies, we find extreme forest fire seasons (those that burned >5% of a watershed's area) are most likely to occur when a warm/dry summer is preceded by multiple seasons of cool/wet conditions. Using the climate suitability class (CSC) model to explore the relationship between climate and MPB outbreaks, we validate previous findings that lower-than-average precipitation, warm growing season temperatures, and lack of extremely cold temperatures during winter are connected to MPB outbreaks within central BC. However, the CSC model needs improvements to accurately assess MPB suitability in northern watersheds that are located outside the model's calibration region, either through weighted variables or lower degree day thresholds. Minimal runoff response occurs from these forest disturbances, with the most prominent runoff change being related to the 2014 fire season in the Osilinka and Mesilinka watersheds. The limited effects of forest disturbance on annual runoff are likely related to large watershed sizes, low percentages of disturbed area in some study watersheds and post-MPB forest dynamics. These results provide valuable insight into the interrelationships of climate, forest disturbance and runoff in large Canadian boreal forested watersheds.     

土坯中添加松针对其力学性能影响的试验研究

为了研究土坯中添加松针对其力学性能的影响程度,在单块土坯中添加松针,改变松针和土的质量配合比制作土坯,对改性土坯试件进行抗压、抗剪和抗折试验得到抗压、抗剪和抗折强度。通过分析各种强度的柱状图和试验现象可知松针可以提高土坯的强度和延性,最后给出了松针的最优添料量为0.8%。     

Tree-ring record of hillslope erosion and valley floor dynamics: Landscape responses to climate variation during the last 400 yr in the Colorado Plateau, northeastern Arizona

Dendrogeomorphologic approaches were used to study hillslope erosion and valley floor dynamics in a small drainage basin in the Colorado Plateau of northeastern Arizona, U.S.A. Root exposure in pinyon pines indicated hillslope erosion averaged 1.9 mm/yr over the last 400 yr, but erosion has been highly episodic. Negative increment growth anomalies in hillslope trees are interpreted as the consequence of rapid aerial exposure of roots by erosion. During the last 300 yr, two of three major episodes of these growth anomalies occurred after abrupt transitions from prolonged, multi-year droughts to sustained, lengthy periods of above-average precipitation. The most recent episode of these growth anomalies began within a few years after 1905 and was associated with the largest precipitation shift (drought to wet interval) in the last 400 yr. In contrast to trees on eroding hillslopes, increment growth of trees in more geomorphically stable landscape positions closely tracked the regional precipitation signal. Two major alluvial fills on the adjacent valley floor are also linked to the abrupt changes in precipitation regimes and the associated increases in delivery of runoff and sediments from slopes. The clay-cemented sandstones weather rapidly; rapid weathering and sediment production make slopes highly responsive to decadal precipitation changes. Significant vegetation declines on slopes during extreme drought make hillslope soils more prone to erosion if heavy precipitation follows soon thereafter.     

Assessing community vulnerability: A study of the mountain pine beetle outbreak in British Columbia, Canada

Arguing that community-based assessments of vulnerability to climate change are congruent with the scale at which policy action takes place, this paper presents an assessment of vulnerability conducted in forest-based communities surrounded by a catastrophic outbreak of forest disease. Our assessment includes measures of several dimensions of vulnerability, developed using an interdisciplinary and participatory research process. We find that for some communities vulnerability represents a high level of economic risk, while for others risk is exacerbated by institutional limitations. We also find that community perceptions of risk and bio-physical assessments differ widely for communities anticipating future outbreaks of disease.     

Estimate of productivity in ecosystem of the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

We measured soil, stem and branch respiration of trees and shrubs, foliage photosynthesis and respiration in ecosystem of the needle and broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain by LI-6400 CO2 analysis system. Measurement of forest microclimate was conducted simultaneously and a model was found for the relationship of soil, stem, leaf and climate factors. CO2 flux of different components in ecosystem of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest was estimated based on vegetation characteristics. The net ecosystem exchange was measured by eddy covariance technique. And we studied the effect of temperature and photosynthetic active radiation on ecosystem CO2 flux. Through analysis we found that the net ecosystem exchange was affected mainly by soil respiration and leaf photosynthesis. Annual net ecosystem exchange ranged from a minimum of about -4.671μmol·m-2·s-1 to a maximum of 13.80μmol·m-2·s-1, mean net ecosystem exchange of CO2 flux was -2.0μmol·m-2·s-1 and 3.9μmol·m-2·s-1 in winter and summer respectively (mean value during 24 h). Primary productivity of tree, shrub and herbage contributed about 89.7%, 3.5% and 6.8% to the gross primary productivity of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest respectively. Soil respiration contributed about 69.7% CO2 to the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem, comprising about 15.2% from tree leaves and 15.1% from branches. The net ecosystem exchange in growing season and non-growing season contributed 56.8% and 43.2% to the annual CO2 efflux respectively. The ratio of autotrophic respiration to gross primary productivity (Ra:GPP) was 0.52 (NPP:GPP=0.48). Annual carbon accumulation underground accounted for 52% of the gross primary productivity, and soil respiration contributed 60% to gross primary productivity. The NPP of the needle and broad-leaved Korean pine forest was 769.3 gC·m-2·a-1. The net ecosystem exchange of this forest ecosystem (NEE) was 229.51 gC·m-2·a-1. The NEE of this forest ecosystem acquired by eddy covariance technique was lower than chamber estimates by 19.8%.