涠西南地区岩石特性及钻井液技术研究

北部湾盆地涠西南油田群是南海西部重要的原油产区，同时油田群紧邻众多国家级自然保护区，属于环境敏感区域。针对北部湾盆地涠西南地区环保要求，以及涠洲组和流沙港组钻井过程经常出现井壁失稳导致的憋卡、起下钻阻卡等问题，开展了涠西南地区地层泥页岩特性及环保钻井液技术研究。通过地层岩石黏土矿物分析、孔喉结构分析以及理化性能评价，明确了涠西南地区泥页岩井壁失稳的机理；提出以类油基的水溶性复合基基液为核心，构建了一套具有油基钻井液工程特性和水基钻井液环保特性的新型环保防塌钻井液技术，并进行了相关的现场应用。现场应用显示：应用井与邻井相比，12-1/4″井段阻卡划眼时间减少，井径扩大率大幅度降低，并且在128 h的长时间浸泡过程中没有复杂情况产生，有效地解决了涠洲组、流沙港组易失稳地层的井壁稳定问题；同时，钻井液环保性能达到一级海域环保要求，可以替代目前应用的油基钻井液体系，解决了海上使用油基钻井液存在配制成本高、含油钻屑需全回收及环境危害隐患大等技术难题。该研究对于涠西南油田环保、井壁失稳和钻井液技术发展具有较高的理论价值和借鉴意义。     

The effect of acid deposition on base cation cycling in a karstic-forested catchment： Evidence from strontium isotopes

Bedrock weathering and atmospheric deposition are the two primary sources of base cations （K^＋, Na^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋） to forest ecosystems. Therefore, the key problem is to understand the relative inputs from these two sources and the cycling in the ecosystem. This study focuses on the effects of acid deposition on cation cycling in a small-forested karstic catchment in Guizhou Province. Sr isotope ratios were used as a tracer for understanding the transport process between the different cation pools： rock, soil, surface water, atmospheric deposition and plant. The samples of wet deposition, total deposition, throughfall, surface and ground waters, vegetation, and soil were monthly collected. The exchangeable Sr^2＋ and Ca^2＋ in soil samples were extracted by using 1 M ammonium acetate. The leaf-tissue samples were ashed at 550℃, and the residue was digested in ultrapure HClO4 and HNO3. All water samples were filtrated through 0.45 μm aperture filter paper. Base cation concentrations and Sr isotopic composition were analyzed for all the samples. The results show that acid deposition （average pH 4.9） frequently occurred in the studied region. Cation abundance follows an increasing manner from rainwater, throughfall, to surface water or ground water samples, suggesting that acid deposition at first eiuviates Ca^2＋ , Mg^2＋ and Sr^2＋ from leaf, then the exchangeable cations from soil, and at last cations accumulate in surface water or ground water.     

美国五大湖工业区产业结构演变的城市化响应机理辨析

城市化对产业结构升级的响应已成为新时期城市化推进的主要目标和产业结构优化的重要途径。美国五大湖工业区的成功转型所体现出来的工业型区域产业结构演变城市化响应的发展规律将为东北老工业基地的改造提供有益的借鉴与启示。文章分析了美国五大湖工业区产业结构演变城市化响应的过程,并根据其影响机制,得出了东北老工业基地可以从中获得的启示和可借鉴的经验,为东北老工业基地的改造提出较为符合实际的发展对策。     

A Decision Support System for the Evaluation of Eco-engineering Strategies for Slope Protection

A decision support system (DSS) has been developed to assist expert and non-expert users in the evaluation and selection of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection. This DSS combines a qualitative hazard assessment of erosion and mass movements with a detailed catalogue of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection of which the suitability is evaluated in relation to the data entered. The slope decision support system (SDSS) is a knowledge based DSS in which knowledge is stored in frames containing rules that can evaluate the available information for a project, stored as project specific information (PSI) in a data file. The advantages of such a system are that it accepts incomplete information and that the qualitative nature of the information does not instil the user with a sense of unjustified exactitude. By its multidisciplinary and progressive nature, the DSS will be of value during the initial stages of an eco-engineering project when data collection and the potential of different eco-engineering strategies are considered. The accent of the output of the DSS is on the application of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection as an environmentally-friendly solution aiding sustainable development. For its acceptance within the engineering community, the DSS needs to prove its predictive capacity. Therefore, its performance has been benchmarked against successful and unsuccessful cases of slope stabilisation using eco-engineering. The target audience and the areas of application of this DSS are reviewed and the strategies for further development in this area suggested.     

Ultra-rapid landscape response and sediment yield following glacier retreat, Icy Bay, southern Alaska

The páramo is a neotropical alpine ecosystem that covers more than 75,000 km² of the northern Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru. It provides important environmental services: more than 10 million people in the Andean highlands benefit from the water supply and regulation function, which is attributed to the volcanic soils that underlie the ecosystem. The soils are also major carbon sinks of global significance. Severe land use changes and soil degradation threaten both the hydrology and carbon sink function. Nevertheless, soil genesis and properties in the páramo is rather poorly understood, nor are their ecological functions well documented. The impact of the geomorphology of the páramo on soil genesis was studied in the rio Paute basin, south Ecuador. Two toposequences were described and analysed. In each toposequence, four pedons were selected representing summit, backslope, undrained plain situation, and valley bottom positions in the landscape. The soils are classified as Hydric Andosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and Epiaquands or Hydrudands in Soil Taxonomy. They are very acidic and have a high organic matter content, high P deficiency, and Al toxicity. Their water content ranges from 2.64 g g^− 1 at saturation, down to 1.24 g g^− 1 at wilting point, resulting in a large water storage capacity. Two major soil forming processes are identified: (1) volcanic ash deposition and (2) accumulation of organic carbon. Volcanic ash deposits may vary in depth as a result of regional geomorphological factors such as parent material, orientation, slope, and altitude. Organic carbon accumulation is an interaction of both waterlogging, which depends on the position in the landscape, and the formation of organometallic complexes with Al and Fe released during volcanic ash breakdown. Despite the high variability in parent material and topography, the soil is characterised by a notable homogeneity in physico-chemical properties. Statistical analysis reveals that only topographic location has a slight but significant influence on soil pH as well as the organic matter content, saturated conductivity and water retention at high pressure. Finally, the exceptional properties of these soils provide useful insights to improve classification of the Andosols reference group of the FAO World reference Base for Soil Resources.     

小型水电站建设用地地质灾害评估技术研究——以湄尼多河小型水电站为例

现阶段,地质灾害评估技术人员在评估实践中,往往不注重各评估对象的差异性,采取同一评估模式,结果达不到评估的目的。在对小型水电站进行评估时,野外调查的重点,评估过程中所使用的方法以及危险性现状、预测及综合分区评估等与大型水电站、路线工程、矿山开采、民用建筑等工程有所不同。湄尼多河小型水电站工程位于云南省怒江州福贡县马吉乡境内,地质环境条件复杂,评估级别综合为二级。文章以该电站建设用地地质灾害危险性评估为例,对小型水电站建设用地地质灾害危险性评估的方法与理论进行探讨。     

河北省永久性GPS参考(网)站建立的研究与探讨

重点探讨了如何利用VRS技术在河北省区域内建立永久性参考站,如何进行数据的采集与管理,如何为GPS用户提供参考站数据等技术问题。     

中国深空测控网建立方案的研究

概述了深空测控网的基本技术要求,总结了我国卫星测控网和国内现有射电观测设施的技术、组成和分布,分析和论述了将我国现有的测控设施建设成深空测控网的具体方案。     

基于全站仪的圆形建筑物倾斜观测的方法和精度

随着建筑物的不断增高、增大,其稳定性和可靠性成为人们关注的焦点.其中建筑物的倾斜度是衡量施工技术质量的重要指标之一.而传统的观测方法如经纬仪测小角法、经纬仪投点法,由于受仪器精度和观测条件的限制,观测精度较低.拓普康全站仪独具推出的圆柱偏心测量功能为快速、准确测定圆形建筑物的倾斜量开辟了一条新途径,本文阐述了基于全站仪的圆形建筑物倾斜观测的原理和方法,并对其精度进行分析.