Influence of vegetation canopies on solar potential in urban environments

Solar energy is clearly a promising option among the many available sources of renewable energy, and its market has seen outstanding growth. Careful evaluation to determine suitable locations for photovoltaic installations is needed, however, as their efficiency is highly dependent on exposure to sun. Especially in urban environments, quantifying the shadows cast by other buildings and vegetation canopies may be essential. In the present study, we used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the influence of shading vegetation on solar irradiation estimates in five European towns. The fraction of annual solar irradiation lost to shading by existing vegetation ranged between 3% and 11%. The fraction lost was higher in winter and lower in summer. Due to greater incoming solar radiation in summer, however, more than 50% of annual loss was accounted for in summer. We suggest that at the broad scale of whole cities the influence of vegetation on rooftop solar potential estimates is negligible (especially in densely populated areas). Analyses which do not consider vegetation because of data availability nevertheless provide valuable insight into localities' solar potential.     

似大地水准面拟合中已知点的选择

似大地水准面的拟合是测绘中的一个热点问题,其中已知点的选择对似大地水准面拟合结果有显著影响。文中探讨似大地水准面拟合中已知点的选择问题,分析比较传统手工方法、全组合法与逐点剔除法选择已知点,并用实际算例验证逐点剔除法的优点,所得结论对实际工程应用具有一定的参考价值。     

湖泊沉积物中磷酸盐氧同位素前处理方法对比

磷酸盐氧同位素(δ~(18)OP)是一种有效的磷源示踪方式.由于湖泊沉积物的组成十分复杂,必须对样品进行除碳处理和纯化处理.本文对目前应用较为广泛的几种前处理方法进行比较,包括NaClO处理和H_2O_2处理等除有机碳方法,以及Blake法和Mc Laughlin法等纯化方法,以期获得适用于湖泊沉积物磷酸盐氧同位素的前处理方法.结果表明:(1)NaClO处理可以保证较高的无机磷提取效率,同时能有效地减少无机磷提取液中有机质含量,且对不同形态磷的破坏较小;H2O2对有机质的去除效果不稳定,且处理后样品磷形态之间发生转化,显著增加了提取的无机磷浓度.(2)Blake法和Mc Laughlin法分别采用磷钼酸铵(APM)+磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀和Ce PO4沉淀对样品进行纯化.在纯化处理湖泊沉积物过程中,Blake法优于Mc Laughlin法,主要体现为有机质去除率高,并且磷的回收率较为稳定.(3)经Blake法纯化丹麦Nordborg湖沉积物样品得到的Ag_3PO_4中C、N含量低于Mc Laughlin法且重现性好.本文结合NaClO法与Blake法的优点,建立了一种适合湖泊沉积物的磷酸盐氧同位素前处理方法:首先用2.5%NaClO对沉积物样品进行除碳预处理,然后对磷酸盐提取液依次通过氢氧化镁共沉淀(MAGIC)、APM+MAP沉淀、阳离子交换树脂处理,最后生成Ag3PO4沉淀.     

三维稀疏反演多次波预测及曲波域匹配相减技术

传统的自由表面多次波压制(SRME)方法研究是基于二维假设的,这种算法对多次波贡献考虑过于局限,难以应对复杂地质构造的情况。3DSRME算法过于笨拙,对数据要求过于苛刻,很难有效推广和应用。三维稀疏反演多次波预测方法利用柯西概率密度函数,将垂直测线方向上稀疏的多次波能量贡献道集转换到模型空间,有效重构同相轴能量顶点——菲涅尔带,从而有效拾取多次波能量,准确预测多次波。采用曲波域匹配相减技术对多次波进行去除,相较于传统的最小平方匹配相减方法,Curvelet域具有多方向、多尺度的特性,能够更有效地压制多次波。建立三维倾斜层状速度模型,对模拟三维地震数据进行试算,并与常规2D SRME的处理结果进行对比,验证了本文所述方法的有效性。     

CSAMT勘探中场区、记录规则、阴影及场源复印效应的解析研究

由矢量位导出均匀大地表面上水平接地谐变电偶极子地下电磁场的闭合表达式, 将地层波和地面波显式地区分开来, 据此定义了与远区场和近区场对应的地面波区和地层波区. 对长期困扰CSAMT勘探工作者的记录点问题、阴影和场源复印效应问题给出了物理解释. 由地层波与地面波之比给出了定量划分场区的方法, 每一场分量最佳记录规则下的条件和判断是产生阴影和场源复印效应的前提. 山西沁水盆地CSAMT勘探覆盖点的推断结果表明, 阴影和场源复印效应是由地层波所携带的源与观测点之间、源下方真实地质情况的信息决定, 是可以利用的.     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium in the ascidian Styela clava (Herdman 1881)

The processes of bioaccumulation and elimination of cadmium by tissues of Styela clava (Herdman 1881) were investigated based on a semi-static two-compartment model. The kinetic parameters (accumulation rate constant k ₁, elimination rate constant k ₂, bioconcentration factor BCF, biological half-life t _1/2 and maximum equilibrium concentration C _Amax) were obtained by non-linear regression. The results showed that S. clava accumulates cadmium from its aquatic environment. BCF decreased with increasing metal concentration in the water, and when the accumulation achieved balance, C _Amax correlated positively with metal concentrations in the water. Concentrations of cadmium in different tissues of S. clava were: gonad > digestive gland ≈ other parts > tunic. The t _1/2 values for cadmium were 15.54-50.40 days in the accumulation process and 11.53-24.55 days in the elimination phase. The high rate of accumulation and elimination of cadmium from the body reveals the potential of the organism to be used as a biomonitor of short-term cadmium fluctuation in marine systems.     

遥感影像拼接缝消除算法改进研究

在遥感影像拼接过程中,需要一种技术能够使拼接缝处的灰度（或颜色）有一个光滑过渡,不产生突变效应。本文提出了基于余弦曲线的加权平均算法,使得接缝线处的过渡更为平滑,实现了影像的无缝拼接。     

A block-based selection method for road network generalization

Abstract

When road symbols are shown in a size proportionate to the reduced scale, several problems of legibility may arise concerning the urban blocks. By the method proposed in this paper, in order to overcome these problems, urban block areas are enlarged through amalgamation and the intervening roads in the amalgams are eliminated. This method includes two new approaches for computation of threshold used in determination of important roads based on the connectivity measure, and for definition of minimum block space and area requirements based on graphic limits. A block life cycle was designed for amalgamation of blocks. For the amalgamation process, a new algorithm was developed. The experimental testing indicates that important roads and the roads surrounding the urban area have been preserved. A simpler and more legible road network has been acquired. This method can be described as a more holistic approach as the buildings are taken into account. The problems arising in the experimental testing indicate that the cartographic selection/elimination process is not sufficient by itself for road network generalization, which can be assumed as one of the integral parts of Digital Earth. As well as the selection/elimination, processes such as displacement and caricaturizing are also needed.     

基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法剔除粗差

将抗差估计的思想融入到粗差探测的算法中,设计出对模型误差,特别是粗差具有抵抗能力的粗差探测算法.基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法即为抗差佑计的一种,首先是应用最小二乘法来计算观测值的参数x、残差V、协因数阵Qvv及单位权σ0 的初值,然后再根据残差和有关的参数,按所选择的权函数,计算每个观测值的权,经过迭代计算求得...     

三聚氰胺在大菱鲆体内的代谢消除规律研究

采用LC-MS/Ms 法研究三聚氰胺在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)体内的代谢消除规律.三聚氰胺以5g/kg浓度添加到饲料中,连续投喂大菱鲆30d,停药后,对大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏、肾脏组织残留的三聚氰胺进行测定.结果表明:三聚氰胺能够在大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏、肾脏各组织中富集并消除,最高血药浓度由高到低依次为...