关中西部漆水河全新世特大洪水与环境演变

古洪水水文学研究是全球变化研究的前沿课题。本文通过对漆水河流域深入调查研究, 在漆水河与湋河交汇的二级阶地全新世黄土-土壤剖面中发现古洪水沉积夹层, 利用沉积地貌学、沉积学、考古学和释光年代学方法, 确定了在全新世时期的11500 年内, 漆水河曾经在4650~4600a BP、4600~4300a BP、4300~4100a BP 和3100~3000a BP 发生了4 期20 次洪水事件。通过利用水位-流量关系模型, 计算出这4 期20 次特大洪水的洪峰流量, 大大延长了洪水水文数据序列, 并建立了漆水河全新世洪水频率曲线, 科学、系统地提高了漆水河洪水水文学计算精度, 增强了渭河流域防洪减灾和水资源开发当中洪水频率分析的可靠性。这项研究成果对于我国著名的农业科技城-杨凌的防洪减灾、水资源开发和生态环境建设具有重要的应用价值, 同时填补了渭河流域古洪水水文学研究的空白, 对于渭河流域生态环境综合治理具有重要的科学意义。     

特大丰水年洛川人工林地土壤水分特征研究

根据2004年1月对洛川人工林地和农田0~6 m深度土壤含水量的测定,研究了黄土高原半湿润地区土壤干化现象和土壤水分恢复问题。受2003年特大丰水年降水补给作用,人工林地4 m以上深度的土壤干化现象消失,而4 m以下的土壤干化层依然存在。这就表明,年均降水量600 mm左右的黄土高原半湿润区人工林地存在难以自然消除的土壤深层干燥化现象,成为黄土高原植被生态建设的限制性因素。特大丰水年降水对土壤水分的补给深度一般可以达到4 m深度以下,并且随人工林植被类型和植被生长年限不同而有较大差异。因此要从根本上消灭和减轻土壤干化层的危害,应该通过选择合适的造林树种和控制造林密度加以实现。     

渭河(陕西段)河道自净需水量研究

建立了河段自净最小需水量计算模型。为了使研究区段内的水质达标,该区段内的自净需水量应该是从区段内所有河段最小需水量中取其最大量。应用该方法分达标排污和现状排污对渭河(陕西段)河道自净需水量做了计算。结果分析表明:渭河河道自净需水量随年径流流量变化不大,自净缺水严重,主要出现在非汛期,达标排污较于现状排污,自净需水量大幅度下降,自净缺水主要出现在1,2,12三个月。     

煎茶岭蛇纹岩氢氧同位素组成特征及形成机制

煎茶岭岩体为含镍金铁的镁质超基性岩体.在后期酸性岩浆的岩浆水热液向趋基性岩流动过程中,岩石矿物发生水化作用,引起蛇纹石化.蚀变蛇纹岩的δD、δ~(18)O值变化范围很大,δD=-69.5‰～-111.6‰.,δ~(18)O=+6.4‰～+9.95‰,明显不同于世界同炎岩石.研究表明岩体内存在水—岩体系同位素不平衡交换作用,交换程度在50%～80%,W/R比值范围0.6～1.6之间     

Sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province

The Qinling Mountains, located at the junction of warm temperate and subtropical zones, serve as the boundary between north and south China. Exploring the sensitivity of the response of vegetation there to hydrothermal dynamics elucidates the dynamics and mechanisms of the main vegetation types in the context of changes in temperature and moisture. Importance should be attached to changes in vegetation in different climate zones. To reveal the sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the normalized vegetation index(NDVI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2018 are explored using the meteorological data of 32 meteorological stations and the MODIS NDVI datasets. The results show that: 1) The overall vegetation coverage of the Qinling Mountains improved significantly from 2000 to 2018. The NDVI rise rate and area ratio on the southern slope were higher than those on the northern slope, and the vegetation on the southern slope improved more than that on the northern slope. The Qinling Mountains showed an insignificant humidification trend. The humidification rate and humidification area of the northern slope were greater than those on the southern slope. 2) Vegetation on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains was more sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics than that on the southern slope. Vegetation was most sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics from March to June on the northern slope, and from March to May(spring) on the southern slope. The vegetation on the northern and southern slopes was mainly affected by hydrothermal dynamics on a scale of 3–7 months, responding weakly to hydrothermal dynamics on a scale of 11–12 months. 3) Some 90.34% of NDVI and SPEI was positively correlated in the Qinling Mountains. Spring humidification in most parts of the study area promoted the growth of vegetation all the year round. The sensitivity of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics with increasing altitude increased first and then decreased. Elevations of 800 to 1200 m were the most sensitive range for vegetation response to hydrothermal dynamics. The sensitivity of the vegetation response at elevations of 1200–3000 m decreased with increasing altitude. As regards to vegetation type, grass was most sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics on both the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains; but most other vegetation types on the northern slope were more sensitive to hydrothermal dynamics than those on the southern slope.     

新旧气候平均值更替对陕西气候业务的影响

利用陕西99个国家气象站月、季节、年气温、降水量1991─2020年和1981─2010年平均值资料，对2个气候平均值进行对比分析。结果表明：全省的平均气温一致增加，大部春季增幅最大（平均0.5℃），秋季增幅最小（平均0.2℃），关中增幅整体大于陕北和陕南。降水量变化存在较大的空间和时间差异，空间上主要表现为夏季降水的北增南减（陕北增加，关中和陕南减少）和秋季降水的全省一致增加，时间上各区域降水量表现出明显的季节内尺度变化特征。气候平均值改变后，3月气温评价等级整体由偏高向偏低方向调整，11月降水评价等级整体由偏多向偏少方向调整。暖冬年份减少，冷冬年份增加。在新气候平均值下，气温、降水、季节等级等气候评价结果需要重新评估。     

应用电子探针-扫描电镜研究陕西华阳川铀稀有多金属矿床稀土矿物特征

陕西华阳川铀稀有多金属矿床伴生大量的稀土资源,其矿石类型独特、组分复杂,系统的稀土矿物学工作将揭示矿石主要稀土矿物类型、稀土元素赋存状态,进而对矿床开发中稀土元素综合利用及选冶技术提供重要参考.本文在岩相学基础上,利用电子探针、扫描电镜对陕西华阳川铀稀有多金属矿床矿石中的稀土独立矿物与含稀土矿物进行系统研究,在矿石中发...     

陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区中鸡勘查区煤层厚度混合分布特征及其意义

煤层厚度统计分布及空间变化规律研究对煤矿勘探和生产建设具有重要作用.以陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区中鸡勘查区详查工作中获取的83个钻孔数据为例,对三大主要可采煤层2-2煤、3-1煤、4-3煤的煤厚数据进行了探索性数据分析,认为3个层煤的煤厚数据均具有混合分布特征,进而采用MML-EM算法对煤层厚度数据进行了高斯有限混合总体筛分.由总体筛分结果可见2-2煤、3-1煤的煤厚数据近似服从由2个子分布组成的混合正态分布,4-3煤厚数据近似服从由3个子分布组成的混合正态分布.讨论了煤层底板高程与煤厚的相关关系,认为煤厚变化主要受底板高程变化影响.筛分所获取的低值与高值2个子正态分布可能分别对应于2种不同的沉积环境,即低值总体指示泥沙及砾石等沉积物的沉积速度大于植物遗体的沉积环境,高值总体则反之.     

陕西凤太矿集区铅锌矿的矿体定位规律研究

文章从凤太矿集区铅锌矿床分布特征、地层岩性和构造对成矿的控制、矿体的空间产出特征等方面入手,运用定性和定量方法对凤太矿集区铅锌矿的矿体定位规律进行了系统研究.区内铅锌矿的形成明显受控于地层、岩性、同生断裂、同沉积背斜等致矿地质因素,矿体赋存于特定的地层-岩性-构造组合,空间展布具有规律性侧伏.