Consolidation behavior of a soft mud treated with small cement content

Soft mud can be found in many large size reclaimed lands. Such soils present extremely high settlement potential that needs to be alleviated by means of effective ground improvement techniques. Current knowledge on applying small cement content to reduce settlement potential of soft mud is limited. This study concerns the consolidation behavior and settlement potential of soft mud treated with small cement content. Based on the pH values of soft mud–cement mixtures, oedometer specimens with cement content of 6% were prepared for consolidation tests. The test results show that preconsolidation pressure is rapidly developed and secondary compression is reduced. The ratio of secondary compression index to compression index is also reduced, indicating a change in grain size characteristics. The coefficient of consolidation is increased for consolidation pressures smaller than the preconsolidation pressure. This indicates that treating the soft mud with a small cement content can be very effective for reducing settlements in cases where new loads are small to medium and the time for ground improvement is limited.     

Foundation settlement statistics via finite element analysis

The dispersion observed in soil data comes both from the spatial variability which greatly influences the behavior of large structures and from errors in testing. Thus, the geotechnical engineering deals with uncertainties for which deterministic approaches are not suitable. The resort to probabilistic techniques, enables modeling uncertainties by analyzing their dispersion effect on the global behavior of the structure. The scope of this paper is analyzing settlement and differential settlement variability of a pair of foundations on random heterogeneous medium. The random soil properties of interest are the elastic modulus, and the Poisson ratio. The elastic modulus is modeled as a spatially random field by adopting the lognormal distribution, which enables analyzing its large variability. Because soil Poisson ratio is bounded in practice between two extreme values, its random field is obtained by using the Beta distribution. In this study, one proposes for the Beta field determination, a mapping technique on the probability distribution function diagram, by solving a non-linear equation. However, the mean and variance are unchanged through the mapping operation. Because the soil Poisson ratio is a positive parameter, one prefers to perform the mapping operation with the probability function of the lognormal distribution. Also, the proposed technique can be used for other bounded soil properties such as the porosity. In this paper, settlement and differential settlement statistics prediction are carried out using Monte Carlo simulations combined with deterministic finite element method (DFEM). A performed parametric study shows the following: (i) as the variability of the elastic modulus increases as settlement and differential settlement statistics are important, also, settlement statistics decreases as the Poisson ratio variability increases, and differential settlement statistics do not seem be affected by its variability. (ii) settlement and differential settlement statistics are important for positive inter-property correlation. (iii) a great influence of the correlation lengths on settlement and differential settlement statistics.     

The use of X-ray computer tomography to investigate particulate interactions within opencast coal mine backfills

Restoration of opencast coal sites frequently involves the controlled compaction of heterogeneous arisings, and accurate prediction of the settlements associated with such backfill is difficult. Attention has previously focussed on improving the specifications used to control backfilling as a way of both reducing the magnitude of the settlements and improving their predictability. However, there still exists a large degree of uncertainty about the fundamental particulate interactions that occur within a fill. The range of mechanisms previously considered to be influential on creep behaviour is described.

A current research programme is investigating the use of X-ray computer tomography (CT) as a means of nondestructively observing particle interactions during settlement, in conjunction with both long-term creep tests and short-term compressibility tests. The principles of this radiographic technique, which is relatively new to geotechnical engineering, are described, and findings are presented that illustrate the potential of the method.

Interim findings indicate that large particles are distributed on an apparently random basis within a fill, and the nonuniform distribution of voids is clearly demonstrated. Moreover, the results presented conflict to some degree with the general consensus of opinion that particle crushing is a major mechanism in the settlement process. Rather, local collapse into small voids left by compaction, and relative sliding and rotation of particles, seem to be the dominant factors for a range of compaction efforts. Particle splitting is discernible on some sections, but this mechanism appears to be less significant than others. Research is continuing into the time dependency of the observed mechanisms, the effects of moisture content changes and the effects of heterogeneous initial particle strengths.     

上海某教学楼地基沉降特点及原因分析

本文介绍了上海徐汇区某6层教学楼因地基不均匀沉降而导致倾斜和损坏的工程实例。文章对地基沉降特点和原因作了分析。在地基条件较差的地区采用天然地基建造荷重较大的多层建筑物时,对勘察和设计方面应注意的问题提出了一些看法。     

CFG桩复合地基沉降影响因素分析

影响CFG桩(Cem ent F lyash G ravel P ile)复合地基的沉降变形因素较多。本文应用有限差分(FLAC3D)程序,对褥垫层、荷载、桩长、桩土模量比,置换率、桩周土和桩端土模量比以及桩群等影响沉降的因素进行了系统的分析,分析了这些因素与沉降的内在联系,得到减小复合地基沉降的方法和措施,对实际工程优化设计有一定的借鉴作用。     

沉降观测周期的确定方法

本文结合实例介绍了沉降观测周期的简便确定方法，并提出了特殊情况下确定沉降观测周期的不同方法。     

Improving settlement selection for small-scale maps using data enrichment and machine learning

Acquiring and formalizing cartographic knowledge still is a challenge, especially when the generalization process concerns small-scale maps. We concentrate on the settlement selection process for small-scale maps, with the aim of rendering it more holistic, and making methodological contributions in four areas. First, we show how written specifications and rules can be validated against the actual published map products, thus pointing to gaps and potential improvements. Second, we use data enrichment based on supplementing information extracted from point-of-interest data in order to assign functional importance to particular settlements. Third, we use machine learning (ML) algorithms to infer additional rules from existing maps, thus making explicit the deep knowledge of cartographers and allowing to extend the cartographic rule set. And fourth, we show how the results of ML can be transformed into human-readable form for potential use in the guidelines of national mapping agencies. We use the case of settlement selection in the small-scale maps published by the Polish national mapping agency (GUGiK). However, we believe that the methods and findings of this paper can be adapted to other environments with minor modifications.     

带晕线的居民地符号的自动识别

针对１∶５ 万地形图中带晕线的居民地符号的特点, 提出了一种基于图像退缩和膨胀算法的居民地符号自动识别方法。     

FD—105K测氡仪常见故障分析与解决办法

本文通过FD－105K测氡仪在仪器维修及标定工作中遇到的比较典型的故障实例,进行分析,查找故障产生的原因并提出了解决问题的办法。对台站测氡仪的标定、维护有一定的指导作用。     

常用粮仓地坪沉降观测方法及精度分析

中央直属储备粮库是国家重要的基础设施,为确保新建粮库储粮安全,必须进行粮库新仓初始装粮压仓试验,利用仓内地坪沉降观测数据对云梯升降法、悬尺法、倒尺法的精度进行分析,得出倒尺法是仓内地坪沉降观测的最佳方法。