长短桩组合型复合地基优化设计方法研究

在软土地基上建造建(构)筑物需要进行地基处理,复合地基是一种行之有效的地基处理方式。工程上一般对地基浅层土的承载力要求较高,而深层只需满足下卧层强度要求即可。长短桩复合地基可做到浅层置换率高,深部置换率低,这样就合理地满足了软弱地基不同深度对承载力的要求。同时长短桩复合地基浅部置换率高,加固区复合地基模量大,深部置换率低,复合地基模量较低,正好适应浅部附加应力大,深部附加应力小的应力场,这样对减少软弱地基总沉降有利。本文探讨了长短桩复合地基优化设计方法,提出了长短桩复合地基优化设计数学模型,并利用复合形法求解优化设计数学模型,同时给出了优化设计计算算例,计算结果表明,此优化设计方法不仅可有效地保证长短桩复合地基设计方案技术上可靠,还可获得最佳的经济效益。     

Effects of coal contamination on early life history processes of a reef-building coral,Acropora tenuis

Successful reproduction and larval dispersal are important for the persistence of marine invertebrate populations, and these early life history processes can be sensitive to marine pollution. Coal is emerging as a contaminant of interest due to the proximity of ports and shipping lanes to coral reefs. To assess the potential hazard of this contaminant, gametes, newly developed embryos, larvae and juveniles of the coral Acropora tenuis were exposed to a range of coal leachate, suspended coal, and coal smothering treatments. Fertilisation was the most sensitive reproductive process tested. Embryo survivorship decreased with increasing suspended coal concentrations and exposure duration, effects on larval settlement varied between treatments, while effects on juvenile survivorship were minimal. Leachate exposures had negligible effects on fertilisation and larval settlement. These results indicate that coral recruitment could be affected by spills that produce plumes of suspended coal particles which interact with gametes and embryos soon after spawning.     

Eutrophication and warming-driven green tides (Ulva rigida) are predicted to increase under future climate change scenarios

The incidence and severity of extraordinary macroalgae blooms (green tides) are increasing. Here, climate change (ocean warming and acidification) impacts on life history and biochemical responses of a causative green tide species, Ulva rigida, were investigated under combinations of pH (7.95, 7.55, corresponding to lower and higher pCO₂), temperature (14, 18 °C) and nitrate availability (6 and 150 μmol L^? 1). The higher temperature accelerated the onset and magnitude of gamete settlement. Any two factor combination promoted germination and accelerated growth in young plants. The higher temperature increased reproduction, which increased further in combination with elevated pCO₂ or nitrate. Reproductive success was highest (64.4 ± 5.1%) when the upper limits of all three variables were combined. Biochemically, more protein and lipid but less carbohydrate were synthesized under higher temperature and nitrate conditions. These results suggest that climate change may cause more severe green tides, particularly when eutrophication cannot be effectively controlled.     

Transhumance as a driving force of landscape change in the marginal grabens of northern Ethiopia

Transhumance between the Afar lowlands and Tigray escarpments has been a common practice in northern Ethiopia. However, the impact of transhumance on landscape changes in the marginal grabens has not been significantly researched. Hence, this study aims to understand the process of transhumance and the linkages between social and biophysical aspects of the graben landscapes of northern Ethiopia. Google Earth (2010?2016) and Landsat Imageries (1995?2015) were used to analyse the spatio‐temporal landscape changes. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to measure the change in vegetation cover. Interview and Focus Group Discussions were used to collect perceptions of communities on transhumance and landscape change. The findings reveal that transhumance caused conflicts between the lowlanders and highlanders, which in turn led to displacement of communities. Consequently, the NDVI value of the abandoned settlement increased over time. Conversely, the analysis of Google Earth Imageries and NDVI values show that vegetation cover of the new settlement has decreased. Moreover, the NDVI values of the transhumance areas showed little increase due to the establishments of exclosures in the escarpments. The findings of this study can, therefore, be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at solving transhumance‐induced conflicts, displacement of communities and conservation of natural resources.     

建筑物沉降观测成果检查标准的探讨

建筑工程项目在施工和运行阶段对其质量稳定性需要进行沉降观测,而沉降观测结果的质量直接影响到建筑工程质量的判断,本文对沉降观测成果的检查内容、方法和标准进行探讨.     

基于正交试验的复合地基沉降影响因素分析

结合苏北滨海平原连云港地区海相沉积的软土粘粒含量大、海侵海退、多夹层等特点及某高速公路沉降观测资料,考虑复合地基段沉降效果良好、固结显著, 对水泥搅拌桩处理海相软土地基实测累计沉降的影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。在正交设计理论的基础上, 提出似正交设计方法并重点对软土厚度、预压方式、填土高度、桩长和桩间距进行多因素分析, 计算证明了预压方式和填土高度对水泥土桩复合地基加固软土地基的实测累计沉降的显著影响, 建议在该工程软土厚度范围变化不大的地段, 应优先调整预压方式并控制填土高度。     

堵江滑坡作坝主要是工程地质问题及实例

国内外大量的文献资料和作者的野外现场调查表明,滑坡堵江成坝形成堰塞湖在山区一带广泛发育研究发现堵江滑坡作坝存在的地质问题,主要包括坝体的渗透变形、稳定性、沉降及不均匀沉降和砂土液化问题。对上术叶质问题进行探讨,并对堵江滑坡坝进行实例分析,对开发利用滑坡堵江形成堰寒湖藏的丰富水能资源具有指导作用。     

In-situ geotechnical experimentation and stability evaluation of an instrumented 180 m×70 m×12.5 m fill dike constructed on laminated soft ground

 An instrumented trial-fill dike was constructed on soft, laminated soils of the Lisan Peninsula foreshore of the Dead Sea. The earthwork had base dimensions of 180 m by approximately 70 m wide and was raised in two stages to a maximum height of 12.5 m above original ground level. The geotechnical data of the dike were monitored in order to: assess the short- and long-term strength of the foundation, obtain and analyze the pore-pressure response of the foundation soils for potential use in construction control, obtain data on embankment settlement in order to refine end-of-construction and post-construction settlement assessments, and optimize the height of the dike to be constructed by providing information on the construction sequence for use in calculation of capital costs and alternative layouts and dike heights. The successful completion of the trial dike has demonstrated that steep-side dikes up to 12.5 m high can be constructed rapidly on soft soils. The construction of the trial dike has therefore proved a very substantial benefit to the evaluation of the likely performance of a dike constructed along the Lisan shore. The key factor which made this fast construction possible was the unexpected, very rapid consolidation of the majority of the foundation soil which has been shown to occur. The principal observations from the trial dike were: (1) end of construction settlements may be calculated using drained stiffnesses where E′/s_{u initial} has a value of around 65; (2) post-construction settlements can be calculated using a coefficient of secondary compression, Cα equal to 0.015; (3) a rapid increase in undrained shear strength occurred when loading the soil up to a value of s_u equal to around 30 kPa. The value of s_u/σ_v′ was as high as 0.5 at this stage. With further loading the strength increase was more modest and s_u/σ_v fell to around 0.25 for a vertical effective stress of 160 kPa; (4) for the undrained stability analyses of the trial dike, the mean vane shear-strength profile provided an appropriate assessment of the short-term factor of safety against failure, 5) For the drained stability analyses of the trial dike, lower bound effective strength parameters for the foundation and embankment fill (c′=0, φ′=30° and c′=2 kN/m², φ′=33°, respectively), combined with field measurements of end of construction pore water pressures provided an analysis which was broadly compatible with the undrained analysis; and (6) the trial dike has been stable, pre- and post-construction, because of the well drained nature of its foundation which prevented the build up of high pore water pressures and led to rapid consolidation. Received: 22 June 1998 · Accepted: 30 October 1998     

小区沉降观测的探索

住宅小区建筑沉降观测主要采用的方法是:水准观测,闭合线路检核,根据观测周期和相邻位置构建沉降变形数据的时间和空间序列,用数据序列变化反映沉降过程.本文在分析小区沉降数据的特点重复性、相关性和延续性后,使用电子表格和数据库来管理沉降数据,其优势在于充分利用了传统关系数据库的成熟技术,如并发控制、事务处理、结构化查询、权限设置等.