温度周期作用下大理岩三轴蠕变试验与理论模型研究

为了解温度周期作用对大理岩蠕变力学特性的影响,采用温度-应力-渗流耦合的岩石力学三轴流变试验系统对大理岩进行了不同温度及温度周期变化下三轴压缩蠕变试验。基于试验结果,研究了大理岩试样在不同温度及温度周期变化下轴向应变随时间的变化规律,分析了不同温度及温度周期变化下蠕变的变形机制,掌握了温度对大理岩三轴蠕变影响的基本规律,并且建立了考虑温度及温度周期变化影响的改进的Burgers模型。理论值与试验结果非常接近,表明考虑温度及温度周期变化的改进Burgers模型适合描述大理岩的黏弹性蠕变特征。为长期暴露于外部环境下的岩质边坡的长期稳定性分析提供了重要的参考依据。     

Winter climate change at different temporal scales in Vaccinium myrtillus, an Arctic and alpine dwarf shrub

Snow cover strongly influences plant growth in Arctic and alpine ecosystems. Snow characteristics and snowmelt timing are likely to change in a warmer climate. We studied year rings and shoot growth of the dwarf shrub bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), and species abundances of the vegetation, in response to early or late snowmelt at a study site in the Central Alps, near Davos, Switzerland. Snowmelt was manipulated on experimental plots for 3 and 30 years. Additional plots were set up along a natural snowmelt gradient, and at high and low elevation. Growth ring data showed an increasing trend in annual growth increment over the last 20 years, especially in the extraordinarily hot summer of 2003. Comparing high and low elevation sites, growth rings were wider at low elevation, but only in cold years. In years with relatively cold summers, however, xylem ring width was greater in plots with late rather than early snowmelt along the natural snowmelt gradient, possibly indicating drought stress in early snowmelt plots. Snow cover had a strong influence on species abundances along the natural snowmelt gradient, and change (not yet significant) was beginning to be seen in plots with 30 years of snow manipulation. Our results indicate that beneficial effects of early snowmelt for shrub growth may be offset in cold summers. Although early snowmelt prolongs the growing season, harsh conditions and frost events early in the growing season may become more likely, and hamper plant growth, and this could affect plant growth in all Arctic and alpine snow-dominated ecosystems.     

海水侵蚀环境下混凝土力学性能退化模型

基于混凝土干湿循环试验和混凝土细观力学,对混凝土在海水侵蚀环境下力学性能的变化进行了研究。混凝土干湿循环试验方面,采用加速腐蚀试验。对混凝土试件和根据混凝土配比制成的砂浆试件进行0、10、20、30、40、50次干湿循环,利用大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,检测了海水侵蚀作用对混凝土抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量及应力-应变关系的影响。依据混凝土细观力学理论,对混凝土试块进行了细观数值模拟,考虑了混凝土各组成相的非均匀性、材料性质按照Weibull分布来赋值。同时,为反映海水侵蚀作用对混凝土的影响,砂浆的强度和弹性模量均以砂浆干湿循环试验所得结果为准,最后建立了混凝土随干湿循环次数变化的抗压强度折减模型,抗拉强度折减模型和弹性模量的折减模型。     

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩热模拟实验及生烃潜力

通过热模拟实验及热模拟产物组分和稳定碳同位素分析,对柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩的生烃能力及产物特征进行了研究。结果表明:石炭系烃源岩的气态烃产率为67.27～161.01m3/t(TOC),总气体产率为220.51～453.39m3/t(TOC),显示柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩具有较高的生气能力;液态有机质产率仅为1.73～4.30kg/t(TOC),残余生油能力相对较低,但考虑到石炭系烃源岩的成熟度已经接近生油窗的下限值(1.3%),因此模拟实验的液态有机质产率不能真实反映石炭系烃源岩的生油潜力。根据模拟实验的气态烃产率可知,柴达木盆地东部石炭系泥质烃源岩的生气强度为14.2×108～42.5×108 m3/km2,显示其具备形成规模气藏的生烃条件。      

烃源岩非均质性对有机质生烃动力学参数影响及评价

烃源岩的非均质性、动力学模型中频率因子的不确定性、热模拟实验条件(开放/封闭程度、加水与否、升温速率)以及热模拟实验的再现性都将影响有机质成烃动力学模型参数, 进而影响油气资源潜力评价结果的可信度.对此, 从多个盆地不同类型有机质样品(18块)的开放体系(Rock-Eval)热模拟实验入手, 选取SFF模型和MFF模型来描述不同类型有机质样品成烃动力学特征, 对比地质外推结果的差异性.其中采用SFF模型低估了具有较低和较高活化能有机质的生烃潜力(反应分数), 而采用MFF模型可以避免这一问题, 同时频率因子随活化能的升高而升高, 能有效解决频率因子不确定性的问题.同时采用算术平均法和依据S₂加权平均法对不同类型样品的动力学参数求取平均动力学参数, 并以3.3 ℃/Ma的升温速率进行外推, 对比分析了不同类型有机质外推结果的差异性.最后, 通过对两种模型依据S₂加权平均法获得的动力学参数在松辽盆地黑鱼泡凹陷实际应用表明, 应用MFF模型计算得出的生烃门限深度为1 700 m, 与前人研究结论一致.表明采用MFF模型和S₂加权平均法获得的动力学参数进行资源评价具有较高可信度.      

基于模糊综合评判的煤自燃发火倾向性研究

自燃发火倾向性是煤自燃火灾的主要影响因素之一。通过对国内外煤自燃倾向性鉴定方法的分析, 指出了我国现行的煤自燃倾向性的不足之处。根据煤自燃机理的煤、氧复合理论,建立了依据煤在低温氧化过程中的吸氧率、放热强度和着火燃烧阶段的活化能作为鉴定煤自燃发火倾向性影响因素的模糊综合评判新方法。在此基础上,用热重分析方法测试了5种煤样在相同条件的指标参数,建立模糊综合评判模型,通过模糊运算得出评判5种煤样自燃发火倾向性的综合指标。验证表明,该方法有较强的实用性,其评判结果与5种煤样的实际自燃发火期趋势一致。      

层状岩体地下洞室变形影响因素分析

目前水电站建设多采用地下厂房,地下洞室围岩的变形特性是设计和施工关注的关键问题之一。采用有限元程序,结合正交试验设计方法,考虑多因素共同变化的影响,研究了各因素对地下洞室变形特性的影响显著程度．对各因素对洞室特征部位变形影响的显著性分别进行了排序。分析结果表明：拱顶位移受岩层厚度和洞室埋深的影响程度最大,左边墙中点位移受洞室埋深和洞室高度的影响最大．右边墙中点位移主要受洞室埋深的影响最大;洞室最大位移多发生在左边墙中点附近,受岩层厚度、洞室埋深、洞室高度的影响都非常显著。绘出了各因素对洞室特征部位位移的影响趋势。     

砂卵石地层隧道深孔预注浆试验研究

砂卵石地层是一种结构松散、无胶结、成拱性差、渗透性强、自稳能力低的地层,目前在此类地层浅埋暗挖隧道施工中所采取的施工工艺和方法仍不尽完善,如施工时与之配套的深孔预注浆成孔工艺、注浆材料选择、浆液配比、注浆压力及注浆量参数等均无成熟的经验供施工借鉴和参考。基于北京地铁九号线工程浅埋暗挖试验段的工程背景,进行砂卵石地层条件下的深孔预注浆试验,对比分析五种成孔方法、两种注浆方式——前进式和后退式注浆方式,在钻进成孔效果、钻孔效率、注浆压力、注浆量、浆液配比、注浆加固效果等方面的规律和不同特点,提出适合砂卵石地层条件下的深孔预注浆方法。研究成果为北京地铁九号线工程的后续施工以及类似地层深孔预注浆施工提供了有益的借鉴和参考。     

原油裂解过程中正构烷烃的组成变化特征及其地球化学意义

采用高温模拟技术,对原油样品进行模拟实验,并对其裂解过程中正构烷烃的组成和变化特征进行了地球化学研究。结果表明,原油大量裂解生成气态烃之前,原油中的高分子量正构烷烃已经开始裂解,以C1+5烃类裂解成C6～C14化合物为主。随成熟度的增加,C6～C14化合物进一步转化为C1～C5化合物,并伴随苯系物的产出,最终形成甲烷和裂解沥青。在正构烷烃的裂解过程中,苯及其同系物的丰度呈明显增加趋势,可以作为原油裂解程度的潜在判识标志。此外,利用同样的实验条件对正十六烷进行了对比模拟实验,其产物的组成和变化特征与原油中正构烷烃的基本相同。     

Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

This paper investigates the processes behind the double ITCZ phenomenon, a common problem in Coupled ocean-atmosphere General Circulation Models (CGCMs), using a CGCM-FGCM-0 (Flexible General Circulation Model, version 0). The double ITCZ mode develops rapidly during the first two years of the integration and becomes a perennial phenomenon afterwards in the model. By way of Singular ValueDecomposition (SVD) for SST, sea surface pressure, and sea surface wind, some air-sea interactions are analyzed. These interactions prompt the anomalous signals that appear at the beginning of the coupling to develop rapidly. There are two possible reasons, proved by sensitivity experiments: (1) the overestimatedeast-west gradient of SST in the equatorial Pacific in the ocean spin-up process, and (2) the underestimatedamount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast in CCM3 (the Community Climate Model, VersionThree). The overestimated east-west gradient of SST brings the anomalous equatorial easterly. The anomalous easterly, affected by the Coriolis force in the Southern Hemisphere, turns into an anomalouswesterly in a broad area south of the equator and is enhanced by atmospheric anomalous circulationdue to the underestimated amount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast simulated by CCM3. Theanomalous westerly leads to anomalous warm advection that makes the SST warm in the southeast Pacific.The double ITCZ phenomenon in the CGCM is a result of a series of nonlocal and nonlinear adjustmentprocesses in the coupled system, which can be traced to the uncoupled models, oceanic component, andatmospheric component. The zonal gradient of the equatorial SST is too large in the ocean componentand the amount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast is too low in the atmosphere component.