Precession of the super-massive black hole in NGC 1275 (3C 84)?

The X-ray holes at the centre of the Perseus cluster of galaxies are not all at the same position angle with respect to the centre of the cluster. This configuration would result if the jet inflating the bubbles is precessing, or moving around, and the bubbles detach at different times. The orientations which best fit the observed travel directions are an inclination of the precession axis to the line of sight of 120° and an opening angle of 50°. From the time-scales for the bubbles seen in the cluster, the precession time-scale, τ_prec, is around  3.3 × 10⁷ yr  . The bubbles rising up through different parts of the cluster may have interacted with the central cool gas, forming the whorl of cool gas observed in the temperature structure of the cluster. The dynamics of bubbles rising in fluids is discussed. The conditions present in the cluster are such that oscillatory motion, observed for bubbles rising in fluids on Earth, should take place. However, the time-scale for this motion is longer than that taken for the bubbles to evolve into spherical-cap bubbles, which do not undergo a path instability, so such motion is not expected to occur.     

银心的观测与研究

银心是离我们最近的星系核，它属于活动低下的典型星系核，对它的研究不仅是银河系结构研究中不可缺少的一环，而且是研究黑洞和活动星系核的极好样本。简要回顾了近10年对银心观测和研究的主要结果，并对银心的基本构造和组成，特别是对射电源SgrA及其银心暗天体的性质和模型作了比较全面的概括和总结。     

Reflected iron line from a source above a Kerr black hole accretion disc

In this paper we present a fully relativistic approach to modelling both the continuum emission and the reflected fluorescent iron line from a primary X-ray source near a Kerr black hole. The X-ray source is located above an accretion disc orbiting around the black hole. The source is assumed to be a static point source located on an arbitrary position above the disc, on or off the axis of rotation. We carry out Monte Carlo simulations in order to estimate the iron line spectrum as well as its equivalent width. Because of the gravitational lensing effect, an enhancement of the iron line is expected when the primary source is located close to the central black hole. We find that for a source located on the axis of rotation the enhancement is relatively modest. An observer at inclination 30° would measure an equivalent width of ∼300 eV in the extreme case of a maximally rotating black hole and a source located at height 1.5 gravitational radii from the centre. This corresponds to an equivalent width enhancement factor of about 2 compared with the classical value where no lensing effect comes into play. However, when allowing the source to be located off the axis of rotation, much stronger enhancement can be obtained. In the extreme case of a maximally rotating black hole and a source located just above the approaching side of the disc, an observer at inclination 30° could measure an equivalent width as high as ∼1.5 keV (i.e., ∼10 times the classical value). We also find that observers located at high inclination angles observe a stronger line than observers at low inclination angles.     

浙西典型石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素

为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。     

贵州遵义板桥剖面奥陶系湄潭组黑色页岩沉积环境条件判识及烃源意义*

华南上扬子地区下奥陶统湄潭组是一套厚度较大的泥页岩沉积,黑色页岩十分发育,但对其沉积环境的认识争议较大。文中以贵州遵义板桥剖面为例,通过对黑色页岩及其共生岩石的沉积特征及地球化学特征的综合研究,着重分析湄潭组黑色页岩沉积期的相对水深、沉积水动力条件以及古海水物理化学性质等沉积环境条件。结果表明: (1)板桥剖面湄潭组黑色页岩以颜色暗黑和水平纹理发育良好为显著特征,不产出宏体生物化石,主要以与生屑灰岩或钙质粉砂岩不等厚频繁互层的共生形式产出,说明湄潭组黑色页岩应该不是深水环境的沉积产物,而是在混积台地内低能的浅水泥质潟湖环境中沉积的;(2)与黑色页岩互层的生屑灰岩层段多发育下细上粗的逆粒序结构,顶部可见铁质氧化物,钙质粉砂岩则多发育浪成交错层理和生物钻孔,均呈现出浅水沉积特征;(3)黑色页岩的V/(V+Ni)、Th/U、V/Cr以及Ni/Co的平均值分别为0.71、5.52、1.07和2.04,均指示次氧化—氧化环境;Sr/Ba值介于0.11~2.20之间,平均值为0.55,指示淡水—半咸水环境;(4)生屑灰岩的部分层段可见明显的侵蚀面,镜下可见岩溶发育,同时其REE配分形态趋于水平,∑REE值较高、Y/Ho值较低,具暴露岩溶特征;(5)黑色页岩TOC值介于0.09%~1.05%之间,平均值为0.39%,恢复的原始TOC含量介于0.28%~3.16%之间,平均值为1.25;R_O平均值为2.095,有机质类型主要为腐泥型。综合上述分析结果,认为遵义板桥剖面湄潭组黑色页岩为一套形成于浅水、次氧化-氧化环境的有效烃源岩,高的古生产力是有机质富集的主要原因。研究结果为判识川南地区湄潭组黑色岩系沉积环境和生烃潜力提供有力的证据,也为浅水成因黑色页岩沉积环境条件判识研究提供了一个新的实例。