综合动水位与流量值的等效静水位及其计算方法探索

中国地震地下流体观测网动水位观测中,一般同时观测水位与泄流量2个测项,产生2类动态,分别进行处理与分析。对含水层应力状态变化的信息,有时得到2种相反的结果。针对这种不合理的现状,以流体动力学理论为基础,探索了动水位观测井中水位与流量的关系,提出了等效静水位的概念,把水位与流量2个观测量合成为1个统一的物理量,建立了相应的计算方法,并用东水3井与聊古1井的观测资料进行了检验     

砂卵石地层土压盾构掘进掌子面稳定性室内试验与三维离散元仿真研究

采用?800 mm模型土压盾构开展室内掘进试验,以探究砂卵石中土压盾构隧道掌子面失稳诱发地层变形特征。同时,补充开展三维离散元仿真以挖掘室内试验难以获取的掌子面失稳信息,并研究隧道埋深对掌子面稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明：砂卵石地层中盾构隧道掌子面失稳发展到地表后,沉降曲面呈上大下小逐步收缩的沙漏状,影响范围小于砂土地层。考虑盾构动态掘进过程后,卵石颗粒接触关系变化十分剧烈,掌子面稳定性被削弱,极限支护压力随之增大。掌子面极限支护压力随隧道埋深基本呈线性增加,极限支护压力与初始支护压力之比则随埋深增大而减小。掌子面失稳机制可根据隧道埋深划分为3种模式。与既有研究相比,考虑了盾构动态掘进过程与实际工程更加接近,可为确保砂卵石地层土压盾构隧道施工掌子面稳定提供参考。     

关于南天山碰撞造山时代的讨论

南天山是天山山脉的一支,是中亚型造山带的典型代表,它经历了复杂的增生—碰撞过程。关于古南天山洋最终闭合—碰撞造山(碰撞事件)发生的时间一直存在不同的认识,争论由来已久。综合分析南天山造山带的构造、地层、古生物、岩石、地球化学和同位素年代学等方面的资料,特别是对放射虫、蛇绿岩、蓝片岩、火山弧及前陆盆地沉积等地质事实的研究,我们认为,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末—三叠纪初。     

利用ND1、ITS1序列研究三种背角无齿蚌（Anodontawoodiana）分类学问题

利用ND1、ITS1序列差异对采自太湖、在形态上被认为是背角无齿蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌的三种个体进行鉴定,并与从NCBI中下载到的同属不同种褶纹冠蚌的ND1、ITS1序列进行对比,分析了基于Kimura2-parameter模型参数得到的遗传距离,并构建了NJ树。结果表明,本研究中所有背角无齿蚌种间遗传距离变...     

基于T/P 和Jason-1 高度计数据的渤黄东海潮汐信息提取

对19 a 的TOPEX/POSEIDON(以下称T/P)和Jason-1 卫星高度计测高数据进行调和分析, 得到渤黄东海海域的8 个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1 和Q1)。提出一种将两类卫星高度计数据统一的方法, 消除了因两类卫星高度计校正算法等不同所导致的相互之间的偏差。变轨后的T/P与Jason-1 卫星加密了高度计对潮汐观测的空间分布。通过对交叉点处升轨与降轨的潮汐调和分析结果进行比较, 检验调和分析方法及高度计数据的可靠性; 将基于高度计数据的调和分析结果与验潮站资料进行比较, 以检验其正确性。4 个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)振幅之差的均方根介于1.0~1.8 cm, 迟角之差的均方根介于4.1°~7.8°。与已有研究结果相比, 调和分析结果的精确性有所提高。在此基础上, 综合变轨前后两类高度计测高数据的调和分析结果, 给出并分析了渤黄东海4 个主要分潮的同潮图。     

Silicate‐oxide mineral chemistry of mafic–ultramafic rocks as an indicator of the roots of an island arc: The Chilas Complex,Kohistan (Pakistan)

The Chilas Complex is a major lower crustal component of the Cretaceous Kohistan island arc and one of the largest exposed slices of arc magma chamber in the world. Covering more than 8000 km², it reaches a current tectonic width of around 40 km. It was emplaced at 85 Ma during rifting of the arc soon after the collision of the arc with the Karakoram plate. Over 85% of the Complex comprises homogeneous, olivine‐free gabbronorite and subordinate orthopyroxene–quartz diorite association (MGNA), which contains bodies of up to 30 km² of ultramafic–mafic–anorthositic association (UMAA) rocks. Primary cumulate textures, igneous layering, and sedimentary structures are well preserved in layered parts of the UMAA in spite of pervasive granulite facies metamorphism. Mineral analyses show that the UMAA is characterized by more magnesian and more aluminous pyroxene and more calcic plagioclase than those in the MGNA. High modal abundances of orthopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite (in MGNA), general Mg–Fe–Al spatial variations, and an MFA plot of whole‐rock analyses suggest a calc‐alkaline origin for the Complex. Projection of the pyroxene compositions on the Wo–En–Fs face is akin to those of pyroxenes from island arcs gabbros. The presence of highly calcic plagioclase and hornblende in UMAA is indicative of hydrous parental arc magma. The complex may be a product of two‐stage partial melting of a rising mantle diaper. The MGNA rocks represent the earlier phase melting, whereas the UMAA magma resulted from the melting of the same source depleted by the extraction of the earlier melt phase. Some of the massive peridotites in the UMAA may either be cumulates or represent metasomatized and remobilized upper mantle. The Chilas Complex shows similarities with many other (supra)subduction‐related mafic–ultramafic complexes worldwide.     

锦州25—1区块探井钻井实践与认识

锦州25—1油田是渤海湾近年钻探发现的大型油田。锦州25—1区块先后钻了十多口探井,在钻井作业中遇到上部井眼扩大严重、井径不规则、井垮、起下钻遏阻卡、电测作业遏阻、电测井底沉砂较多、井漏等复杂情况。通过对锦州25—1区块前面几口探井钻井中出现的问题进行认真分析,研究了锦州25—1区块的地层压力剖面分布。经过不断的总结与措施改进后,在后面的探井钻井作业中做到了起下钻顺利,上部井径扩大率较小,未出现井垮情况,电测一次到底,钻井作业生产时间大幅度提高,为锦州25—1油田的生产井钻井积累了宝贵的经验。     

Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part II: Elucidating ecosystem dynamics from 1995 to 2004 with a focus on the impact of ENSO

The Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem is one of the most productive in the world in terms of fish production. Its location near to the equator permits strong upwelling under relatively low winds, thus creating optimal conditions for the development of plankton communities. These communities ultimately support abundant populations of grazing fish such as the Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens. The ecosystem is also subject to strong inter-annual environmental variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has major effects on nutrient structure, primary production, and higher trophic levels. Here our objective is to model the contributions of several external drivers (i.e. reconstructed phytoplankton changes, fish immigration, and fishing rate) and internal control mechanisms (i.e. predator-prey) to ecosystem dynamics over an ENSO cycle. Steady-state models and time-series data from the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) from 1995 to 2004 provide the base data for simulations conducted with the program Ecopath with Ecosim. In simulations all three external drivers contribute to ecosystem dynamics. Changes in phytoplankton quantity and composition (i.e. contribution of diatoms and dino- and silicoflagellates), as affected by upwelling intensity, were important in dynamics of the El Niño of 1997–98 and the subsequent 3 years. The expansion and immigration of mesopelagic fish populations during El Niño was important for dynamics in following years. Fishing rate changes were the most important of the three external drivers tested, helping to explain observed dynamics throughout the modeled period, and particularly during the post-El Niño period. Internal control settings show a mix of predator–prey control settings; however a “wasp-waist” control of the ecosystem by small pelagic fish is not supported.     

高精度遥感三维可视化在岩溶地区工程初勘调查中的应用——以云南小哨机场为例

本文对高精度卫星遥感图像(QucikBird)进行了图像预处理,图像融合,正射校正,并基于12∶000地形图上构建了DEM。在Erdas软件支持下,实现了遥感影像三维可视化。同时,针对岩溶地区工程初勘需要,应用ArcGIS实现了工程量计算、机场净空分析、岩溶漏斗信息自动提取、漏斗形态显示、地下溶洞网分析等,这为机场的进一步勘查提供了准确可靠的地质灾害信息,可为指导工程设计与施工提供参考。     

基于 DEM 对喀斯特地貌山地及水系信息的提取--以桂林阳朔县为例

以30 m分辨率的SRTM－DEM数据为基础,通过GIS的空间分析功能,首先对数据进行坡度分析,通过坡度分级法将山地与平原划分,自动提取出山地的信息,再运用碎斑处理结合TM影像对结果进行修正;其次,在ArcGIS的水文分析（ Hydrology）模块下对 DEM进行数字地形分析,提取流域特征。经分析得到了研究区域的山地及河网特征信息,并与实际地形及河流水系大致吻合,改进了传统手工和野外调查为主的提取方法,初步实现了山地、水系信息的自动提取,为研究区域社会经济更好更快地发展具有一定的参考意义。